The letters APA in APA citation stand for the American Psychological Association. Thus, APA citation is a method of documenting sources and formatting academic papers in concurrence with the standards of the American Psychological Association. This citing and formatting is known as APA citation. There are many different styles of citations, and these include MLA, AMA, etc.. APA citation, however, is one of the most popular as APA citation is used in most academia. APA citation is essential to an academic paper and therefore, APA citation plays an important role in a dissertation or academic paper.
APA citation has a purpose, and the purpose of APA citation is so others can look up and access all resources cited in a paper. Thus, proper APA citation will allow all information, data and research to be checked and verified. This is most definitely an important feature of dissertations as proper APA citation allows for a dissertation to be pronounced as valid.
Many students struggle with APA citation because many students are not familiar with APA citation. Further, APA citation can seem unimportant as the student and writer of the dissertation is more concerned with the larger aspect of the dissertation, like the research and analysis involved in the dissertation. Thus, APA citation can seem minor in comparison to the larger point the student is making. And yet, the dissertation will not be accepted if it does not have proper APA citation. In other words, proper APA citation can be an annoying task, but proper APA citation is absolutely necessary.
APA citation has two major parts. These two parts of APA citation are in-text citations and the reference list for APA citation. The in-text citations for APA citation occur within the document. In other words, there is a proper way to apply APA citation to text within the document. The second part of APA citation occurs at the end of the document, in the reference list or bibliography part of the paper. There is a very specific way to cite everything in the reference list if the dissertation is to follow proper APA citation.
APA citation also follows many formatting guidelines, most of which are unique to APA citation. Thus, APA citation includes formatting for every aspect of the dissertation. In other words, there is APA citation for the title page, APA citation for the page numbers, APA citation for the running head of a dissertation, APA citation for the abstract, APA citation for the visuals, APA citation for headings, and, as previously mentioned, APA citation for the reference list. Clearly then, APA citation will happen on every single page of the dissertation, be it to properly cite sources, data and research or to diagram charts and graphs.
Because many students are concerned with citation (as well they should be since APA citation plays a major part in the dissertation) APA citation help is available. APA citation help will dramatically cut-down on the time that a student needs to spend on his or her thesis. This is particularly important because often-times students do not know how APA citation works and they wait until the last minute to figure out how APA citation should fit into their dissertations. Thinking that using APA citation will be an easy concept to grasp, students do not plan enough time to fix and edit their paper so that it is has proper APA citation. In other words, many students finish their dissertations, but these “finished” dissertations are not finished at all because they are not in adequate APA citation. Thus, students are under much stress and pressure as they must quickly figure out how to put their paper into proper APA citation. APA citation, however, is not something that can be done so quickly! In fact, entire books have been written on proper APA citation—and because this is the case, many students are overwhelmed with the daunting task of changing, editing and reformatting their paper. APA citation help is available, however, and with the help of an expert in proper APA citation, the student will no-doubt truly finish their dissertation before the ever-looming deadline.
Wednesday, April 29, 2009
Tuesday, April 28, 2009
Statistics Consulting
Seeking the help of statistics consulting is one of the best decisions an individual or organization can make. Statistics consulting provides help on all things concerning statistics. Statistics consulting can both attain the necessary data needed and statistics consulting can then explain the results. Statistics consulting can then give these results to the organization or individual and with the information acquired from statistics consulting and statistics consulting firms, the individual or organization can make much needed decisions.
First, let’s look at how individuals can use statistics consulting and statistics consulting firms. Most often individuals get statistics consulting help and contact statistics consulting firms when they need help with a large project that involves statistics. This is most often the case for doctoral students who need to write their dissertations. Dissertations, however, require mass amounts of time. Statistics consulting and statistics consulting firms can help these time-strapped students. In fact, if a student seeks statistics consulting from a statistics consulting firm, the student is guaranteed to save both time and energy. This is true because statistics consulting can help from the very beginning of the project and statistics consulting firms will see this project through until it is completed.
Thus, statistics consulting is essential as statistics consulting firms ‘jump in’ at the very beginning of a project. The beginning of the project is the actual choosing of the topic. Many students do not even know where to start when it comes to their dissertations, and this is where statistics consulting provided by statistics consulting firms can begin. Statistics consulting provided by statistics consulting firms will help the student narrow-down the options of their topic. Statistics consulting provided by statistics consulting firms gives valuable feedback to students because they are trained and experienced. Statistics consulting provided by statistics consulting firms is especially helpful for first-time dissertation writers as these students often struggle most. Not only have these ‘first-timers’ never written a dissertation before, they are often-times overwhelmed by the magnitude and scope of the project. Statistics consulting provided by statistics consulting firms, however, are not intimidated as statistics consultants have expertise in the subject and are prepared to help.
Once the topic for the project is decided, statistics consulting provides a timeline for the students. This timeline provided by statistics consulting gives students much-needed targets. Thus, statistics consulting helps organize students and statistics consulting provides step-by-step instruction on what needs to be done and in what order.
Statistics consulting then helps the student with every single aspect of his/her project. This includes gathering the data, analyzing the data and applying all the necessary principles, assumptions and rules to the data gathering and analyzing. This is especially hard for students as students are not always trained in statistics. Statistics consulting provided by statistics consulting firms, however, provides all of the information, guidance and assistance necessary as they carry-out and explain all of the statistics procedures. Statistics consulting, for example, explains how research needs to be gathered—be it by questionnaire, on-line survey, telephone interview, etc. Statistics consulting then explains how a student needs to interpret the results of the data they collect. Statistics consulting explains, for example, the assumptions, rules and tests of statistics (for example, ANOVA, ANCOVA, MANOVA, etc). In other words statistics consulting provided by statistics consulting firms will go through every single aspect of acquiring, organizing and processing the data that the student collects and statistics consulting firms will ensure that the dissertation is complete.
Students, however, are not the only people that can benefit greatly from statistics consulting provided by statistics consulting firms. Statistics consulting firms can also help organizations and businesses as it can deliver information about how to maximize profits. Additionally, statistics consulting provided by statistics consulting firms can help in fields such as psychology, medicine, nursing and government. This is true because all of these fields require statistics.
Acquiring statistics consulting is easy as there is much statistics consulting available through statistics consulting firms. Statistics consulting is also very affordable as statistics consulting saves time and energy, which in turn saves money. Statistics consulting provided by statistics consulting firms is well worth the cost as statistics consulting provides valid and accurate results in all fields requiring statistics. Statistics consulting will no doubt ensure success for both the individual and the organization.
First, let’s look at how individuals can use statistics consulting and statistics consulting firms. Most often individuals get statistics consulting help and contact statistics consulting firms when they need help with a large project that involves statistics. This is most often the case for doctoral students who need to write their dissertations. Dissertations, however, require mass amounts of time. Statistics consulting and statistics consulting firms can help these time-strapped students. In fact, if a student seeks statistics consulting from a statistics consulting firm, the student is guaranteed to save both time and energy. This is true because statistics consulting can help from the very beginning of the project and statistics consulting firms will see this project through until it is completed.
Thus, statistics consulting is essential as statistics consulting firms ‘jump in’ at the very beginning of a project. The beginning of the project is the actual choosing of the topic. Many students do not even know where to start when it comes to their dissertations, and this is where statistics consulting provided by statistics consulting firms can begin. Statistics consulting provided by statistics consulting firms will help the student narrow-down the options of their topic. Statistics consulting provided by statistics consulting firms gives valuable feedback to students because they are trained and experienced. Statistics consulting provided by statistics consulting firms is especially helpful for first-time dissertation writers as these students often struggle most. Not only have these ‘first-timers’ never written a dissertation before, they are often-times overwhelmed by the magnitude and scope of the project. Statistics consulting provided by statistics consulting firms, however, are not intimidated as statistics consultants have expertise in the subject and are prepared to help.
Once the topic for the project is decided, statistics consulting provides a timeline for the students. This timeline provided by statistics consulting gives students much-needed targets. Thus, statistics consulting helps organize students and statistics consulting provides step-by-step instruction on what needs to be done and in what order.
Statistics consulting then helps the student with every single aspect of his/her project. This includes gathering the data, analyzing the data and applying all the necessary principles, assumptions and rules to the data gathering and analyzing. This is especially hard for students as students are not always trained in statistics. Statistics consulting provided by statistics consulting firms, however, provides all of the information, guidance and assistance necessary as they carry-out and explain all of the statistics procedures. Statistics consulting, for example, explains how research needs to be gathered—be it by questionnaire, on-line survey, telephone interview, etc. Statistics consulting then explains how a student needs to interpret the results of the data they collect. Statistics consulting explains, for example, the assumptions, rules and tests of statistics (for example, ANOVA, ANCOVA, MANOVA, etc). In other words statistics consulting provided by statistics consulting firms will go through every single aspect of acquiring, organizing and processing the data that the student collects and statistics consulting firms will ensure that the dissertation is complete.
Students, however, are not the only people that can benefit greatly from statistics consulting provided by statistics consulting firms. Statistics consulting firms can also help organizations and businesses as it can deliver information about how to maximize profits. Additionally, statistics consulting provided by statistics consulting firms can help in fields such as psychology, medicine, nursing and government. This is true because all of these fields require statistics.
Acquiring statistics consulting is easy as there is much statistics consulting available through statistics consulting firms. Statistics consulting is also very affordable as statistics consulting saves time and energy, which in turn saves money. Statistics consulting provided by statistics consulting firms is well worth the cost as statistics consulting provides valid and accurate results in all fields requiring statistics. Statistics consulting will no doubt ensure success for both the individual and the organization.
Independent Sample T-Test
Independent sample t-test is a statistical technique that is used to analyze the mean comparison of two independent groups. In independent samples t-test, when we take two samples from the same population, then the mean of the two samples may be identical. But when samples are taken from two different populations, then the mean of the sample may differ. In this case, independent sample t-test is used to draw conclusions about the means of two populations, and used to tell whether or not they are similar.
Assumptions in independent samples t-test:
1. Independent sample t-test assumes that the dependent variable is normally distributed.
2. Independent sample t-test assumes that the variance of the two groups are the same as the dependent variable.
3. Independent sample t-test also assumes that the two samples are independent of each other.
4. Samples for independent sample t-test are drawn from the population at random.
5. In independent sample t-test, all observations must be independent of each other.
6. In independent sample t-test, dependent variables must be measured on an interval or ratio scale.
Procedures for independent sample t-test:
1. Set up the hypothesis for independent sample t-test.
a. Null Hypothesis: In independent sample t-test, null hypothesis is assumed when the means of the two groups are not significantly different.
b. Alternative Hypothesis: In independent sample t-test, Alternative hypothesis assumes that the means of the two groups are significantly different.
2. Calculate the standard deviation for the independent sample t-test by using this formula:
Independent sample t-test group statistics table: This table will show the total number in each group, the mean, the standard deviation and the standard error for the independent sample t-test.
Assumptions in independent samples t-test:
1. Independent sample t-test assumes that the dependent variable is normally distributed.
2. Independent sample t-test assumes that the variance of the two groups are the same as the dependent variable.
3. Independent sample t-test also assumes that the two samples are independent of each other.
4. Samples for independent sample t-test are drawn from the population at random.
5. In independent sample t-test, all observations must be independent of each other.
6. In independent sample t-test, dependent variables must be measured on an interval or ratio scale.
Procedures for independent sample t-test:
1. Set up the hypothesis for independent sample t-test.
a. Null Hypothesis: In independent sample t-test, null hypothesis is assumed when the means of the two groups are not significantly different.
b. Alternative Hypothesis: In independent sample t-test, Alternative hypothesis assumes that the means of the two groups are significantly different.
2. Calculate the standard deviation for the independent sample t-test by using this formula:
3. Calculate the value of the independent sample t-test by using this formula:
4. Degree of freedom for independent sample t-test:
Where
V= degree of freedom
N1+N2= number of observations in both samples of the independent sample t-test.
5. Hypothesis testing: In hypothesis testing for the independent sample t-test, statistical decisions are made about whether or not the two population means are identical. Compare the calculated value of the independent sample t-test with the table value of the sample t-test. If the calculated value of the independent sample t-test is greater than the table value of the predetermined significance level, we will reject the null hypothesis and say that the means of the two groups are different. If the calculated value of the independent sample t-test is less than the table value, then we will say that the means of the two groups are the same.
Independent sample t-test and SPSS: Most statistical software has the option to perform the independent sample t-test. In SPSS, to perform the independent sample t-test we have to perform following procedure:
V= degree of freedom
N1+N2= number of observations in both samples of the independent sample t-test.
5. Hypothesis testing: In hypothesis testing for the independent sample t-test, statistical decisions are made about whether or not the two population means are identical. Compare the calculated value of the independent sample t-test with the table value of the sample t-test. If the calculated value of the independent sample t-test is greater than the table value of the predetermined significance level, we will reject the null hypothesis and say that the means of the two groups are different. If the calculated value of the independent sample t-test is less than the table value, then we will say that the means of the two groups are the same.
Independent sample t-test and SPSS: Most statistical software has the option to perform the independent sample t-test. In SPSS, to perform the independent sample t-test we have to perform following procedure:
1. Click on the “SPSS 16” icon from the start menu.
2. Click on the “open data” icon and select the data for the independent sample t-test.
3. Click on the “analysis” option and select “compare mean” from the analysis option.
4. Select “independent sample t-test” from the compare mean option. As we click on the independent sample t-test, the following window will appear:
2. Click on the “open data” icon and select the data for the independent sample t-test.
3. Click on the “analysis” option and select “compare mean” from the analysis option.
4. Select “independent sample t-test” from the compare mean option. As we click on the independent sample t-test, the following window will appear:
Select the grouping variable and insert them into the grouping variable box. Define the group in the independent samples t-test. Select the dependent variable and insert them into the test variable list. Click on “option” and select “% confidence interval.” As we click on the “ok” button, the result window for the independent sample t-test will appear in front of us.
Independent sample t-test group statistics table: This table will show the total number in each group, the mean, the standard deviation and the standard error for the independent sample t-test.
Independent sample t-test statistics table: In this table, the first test will be Levene’s test, which is used to test the assumptions of equal variance between all the groups in the independent sample t-test. Significance value of F is used to make the statistical decision about the assumptions of equal variance. The second test statistics will show the calculated value of the independent sample t-test, the degree of freedom, and the significance value of the independent sample t-test. This significance value is used to make the statistical decision about the mean of the two groups. If the calculated value is less than the predetermined significance level, then we can say that the means are significantly different.
Monday, April 27, 2009
Statistics Consulting
Seeking the help of statistics consulting is one of the best decisions an individual or organization can make. Statistics consulting provides help on all things concerning statistics. Statistics consulting can both attain the necessary data needed and statistics consulting can then explain the results. Statistics consulting can then give these results to the organization or individual and with the information acquired from statistics consulting and statistics consulting firms, the individual or organization can make much needed decisions.
First, let’s look at how individuals can use statistics consulting and statistics consulting firms. Most often individuals get statistics consulting help and contact statistics consulting firms when they need help with a large project that involves statistics. This is most often the case for doctoral students who need to write their dissertations. Dissertations, however, require mass amounts of time. Statistics consulting and statistics consulting firms can help these time-strapped students. In fact, if a student seeks statistics consulting from a statistics consulting firm, the student is guaranteed to save both time and energy. This is true because statistics consulting can help from the very beginning of the project and statistics consulting firms will see this project through until it is completed.
Thus, statistics consulting is essential as statistics consulting firms ‘jump in’ at the very beginning of a project. The beginning of the project is the actual choosing of the topic. Many students do not even know where to start when it comes to their dissertations, and this is where statistics consulting provided by statistics consulting firms can begin. Statistics consulting provided by statistics consulting firms will help the student narrow-down the options of their topic. Statistics consulting provided by statistics consulting firms gives valuable feedback to students because they are trained and experienced. Statistics consulting provided by statistics consulting firms is especially helpful for first-time dissertation writers as these students often struggle most. Not only have these ‘first-timers’ never written a dissertation before, they are often-times overwhelmed by the magnitude and scope of the project. Statistics consulting provided by statistics consulting firms, however, are not intimidated as statistics consultants have expertise in the subject and are prepared to help.
Once the topic for the project is decided, statistics consulting provides a timeline for the students. This timeline provided by statistics consulting gives students much-needed targets. Thus, statistics consulting helps organize students and statistics consulting provides step-by-step instruction on what needs to be done and in what order.
Statistics consulting then helps the student with every single aspect of his/her project. This includes gathering the data, analyzing the data and applying all the necessary principles, assumptions and rules to the data gathering and analyzing. This is especially hard for students as students are not always trained in statistics. Statistics consulting provided by statistics consulting firms, however, provides all of the information, guidance and assistance necessary as they carry-out and explain all of the statistics procedures. Statistics consulting, for example, explains how research needs to be gathered—be it by questionnaire, on-line survey, telephone interview, etc. Statistics consulting then explains how a student needs to interpret the results of the data they collect. Statistics consulting explains, for example, the assumptions, rules and tests of statistics (for example, ANOVA, ANCOVA, MANOVA, etc). In other words statistics consulting provided by statistics consulting firms will go through every single aspect of acquiring, organizing and processing the data that the student collects and statistics consulting firms will ensure that the dissertation is complete.
Students, however, are not the only people that can benefit greatly from statistics consulting provided by statistics consulting firms. Statistics consulting firms can also help organizations and businesses as it can deliver information about how to maximize profits. Additionally, statistics consulting provided by statistics consulting firms can help in fields such as psychology, medicine, nursing and government. This is true because all of these fields require statistics.
Acquiring statistics consulting is easy as there is much statistics consulting available through statistics consulting firms. Statistics consulting is also very affordable as statistics consulting saves time and energy, which in turn saves money. Statistics consulting provided by statistics consulting firms is well worth the cost as statistics consulting provides valid and accurate results in all fields requiring statistics. Statistics consulting will no doubt ensure success for both the individual and the organization.
For more information on statistics consulting, click here.
First, let’s look at how individuals can use statistics consulting and statistics consulting firms. Most often individuals get statistics consulting help and contact statistics consulting firms when they need help with a large project that involves statistics. This is most often the case for doctoral students who need to write their dissertations. Dissertations, however, require mass amounts of time. Statistics consulting and statistics consulting firms can help these time-strapped students. In fact, if a student seeks statistics consulting from a statistics consulting firm, the student is guaranteed to save both time and energy. This is true because statistics consulting can help from the very beginning of the project and statistics consulting firms will see this project through until it is completed.
Thus, statistics consulting is essential as statistics consulting firms ‘jump in’ at the very beginning of a project. The beginning of the project is the actual choosing of the topic. Many students do not even know where to start when it comes to their dissertations, and this is where statistics consulting provided by statistics consulting firms can begin. Statistics consulting provided by statistics consulting firms will help the student narrow-down the options of their topic. Statistics consulting provided by statistics consulting firms gives valuable feedback to students because they are trained and experienced. Statistics consulting provided by statistics consulting firms is especially helpful for first-time dissertation writers as these students often struggle most. Not only have these ‘first-timers’ never written a dissertation before, they are often-times overwhelmed by the magnitude and scope of the project. Statistics consulting provided by statistics consulting firms, however, are not intimidated as statistics consultants have expertise in the subject and are prepared to help.
Once the topic for the project is decided, statistics consulting provides a timeline for the students. This timeline provided by statistics consulting gives students much-needed targets. Thus, statistics consulting helps organize students and statistics consulting provides step-by-step instruction on what needs to be done and in what order.
Statistics consulting then helps the student with every single aspect of his/her project. This includes gathering the data, analyzing the data and applying all the necessary principles, assumptions and rules to the data gathering and analyzing. This is especially hard for students as students are not always trained in statistics. Statistics consulting provided by statistics consulting firms, however, provides all of the information, guidance and assistance necessary as they carry-out and explain all of the statistics procedures. Statistics consulting, for example, explains how research needs to be gathered—be it by questionnaire, on-line survey, telephone interview, etc. Statistics consulting then explains how a student needs to interpret the results of the data they collect. Statistics consulting explains, for example, the assumptions, rules and tests of statistics (for example, ANOVA, ANCOVA, MANOVA, etc). In other words statistics consulting provided by statistics consulting firms will go through every single aspect of acquiring, organizing and processing the data that the student collects and statistics consulting firms will ensure that the dissertation is complete.
Students, however, are not the only people that can benefit greatly from statistics consulting provided by statistics consulting firms. Statistics consulting firms can also help organizations and businesses as it can deliver information about how to maximize profits. Additionally, statistics consulting provided by statistics consulting firms can help in fields such as psychology, medicine, nursing and government. This is true because all of these fields require statistics.
Acquiring statistics consulting is easy as there is much statistics consulting available through statistics consulting firms. Statistics consulting is also very affordable as statistics consulting saves time and energy, which in turn saves money. Statistics consulting provided by statistics consulting firms is well worth the cost as statistics consulting provides valid and accurate results in all fields requiring statistics. Statistics consulting will no doubt ensure success for both the individual and the organization.
For more information on statistics consulting, click here.
Wednesday, April 22, 2009
APA Formatting
When it comes to writing a dissertation, it’s no secret that proper APA formatting is one of the most important parts of the dissertation. And yet, many students do not know how to use proper APA formatting. This is because APA formatting is incredibly specific, and there is not much room for error when it comes to proper APA formatting.
The APA in APA formatting stands for the American Psychological Association, and APA formatting is a set of rules and guidelines that a student must use to make sure that all information that the student presents is done in a clear and consistent manner. Thus, most dissertations are written using APA formatting and most dissertations cannot get approved without proper APA formatting.
Because the dissertation is one of the most important aspects of a student’s academic life, APA formatting, which is a part of that dissertation, is extremely important. And yet, few students have much knowledge or expertise in APA formatting. This is because many professors do not actually teach APA formatting. Instead, they expect students to already know proper APA formatting, or to figure it out for themselves. This, of course, is unfortunate for the student who is already strapped with the burdens of the actual dissertation. This problem can be solved, however, as there is much guidance and assistance available to ensure proper APA formatting of dissertations.
Proper APA formatting requires that a writer follow many rules and regulations. These rules and regulations of format can be quite irksome. In other words, often times it feels like APA formatting is a “nit-picky” detail, and for that reason, it can be very frustrating to take the time needed to format a paper in proper APA formatting.
APA formatting is not a style of writing, and APA formatting will not change the content of the dissertation. It will also not change any of the research or analysis. Proper APA formatting will, however, change the way that the content is cited and presented.
The list of APA formatting rules and guidelines is extensive. In fact, APA formatting is so extensive that is has its own reference manual. In other words, APA formatting is by no means something that a student can expect to “pick-up” easily. This is especially true for students who are writing their dissertation, as students often realize the importance of APA formatting at the very end of the dissertation. Thus, their entire dissertation is written without proper APA formatting and needs to be changed! The student then realizes just how time consuming it is to convert his/her entire dissertation into standard and proper APA formatting.
Clearly students can benefit from consultants who specialize in APA formatting. Consultants who specialize in APA formatting can ensure that the entire dissertation is formatted correctly and they can assist students in all things relating to formatting and style. Though APA formatting consultants are easy to find, it is important to do research on the APA formatting consultant that you choose. This is because many APA formatting consultants are not well qualified. The right APA formatting consultant, however, can save a student from having to deal with frustrating details that require a large amount of time to fix. Thus, APA formatting consultants are well worth the money, as they save the student from having to waste his/her valuable time. Additionally, an APA formatting consultant can ensure that the dissertation is approved as the consultant will ensure that everything is cited properly and that all formatting issues are standard and proper. This will clearly ensure success for the time-strapped student.
For more information about APA formatting, click here.
The APA in APA formatting stands for the American Psychological Association, and APA formatting is a set of rules and guidelines that a student must use to make sure that all information that the student presents is done in a clear and consistent manner. Thus, most dissertations are written using APA formatting and most dissertations cannot get approved without proper APA formatting.
Because the dissertation is one of the most important aspects of a student’s academic life, APA formatting, which is a part of that dissertation, is extremely important. And yet, few students have much knowledge or expertise in APA formatting. This is because many professors do not actually teach APA formatting. Instead, they expect students to already know proper APA formatting, or to figure it out for themselves. This, of course, is unfortunate for the student who is already strapped with the burdens of the actual dissertation. This problem can be solved, however, as there is much guidance and assistance available to ensure proper APA formatting of dissertations.
Proper APA formatting requires that a writer follow many rules and regulations. These rules and regulations of format can be quite irksome. In other words, often times it feels like APA formatting is a “nit-picky” detail, and for that reason, it can be very frustrating to take the time needed to format a paper in proper APA formatting.
APA formatting is not a style of writing, and APA formatting will not change the content of the dissertation. It will also not change any of the research or analysis. Proper APA formatting will, however, change the way that the content is cited and presented.
The list of APA formatting rules and guidelines is extensive. In fact, APA formatting is so extensive that is has its own reference manual. In other words, APA formatting is by no means something that a student can expect to “pick-up” easily. This is especially true for students who are writing their dissertation, as students often realize the importance of APA formatting at the very end of the dissertation. Thus, their entire dissertation is written without proper APA formatting and needs to be changed! The student then realizes just how time consuming it is to convert his/her entire dissertation into standard and proper APA formatting.
Clearly students can benefit from consultants who specialize in APA formatting. Consultants who specialize in APA formatting can ensure that the entire dissertation is formatted correctly and they can assist students in all things relating to formatting and style. Though APA formatting consultants are easy to find, it is important to do research on the APA formatting consultant that you choose. This is because many APA formatting consultants are not well qualified. The right APA formatting consultant, however, can save a student from having to deal with frustrating details that require a large amount of time to fix. Thus, APA formatting consultants are well worth the money, as they save the student from having to waste his/her valuable time. Additionally, an APA formatting consultant can ensure that the dissertation is approved as the consultant will ensure that everything is cited properly and that all formatting issues are standard and proper. This will clearly ensure success for the time-strapped student.
For more information about APA formatting, click here.
Monday, April 20, 2009
Dissertation Consulting
Life takes us to a point where our self-sufficiency and competence may at times be inadequate. All the knowledge that we have acquired is simply not enough to carry us through certain stages of life. University students usually go through this difficult phase at the end of the semester, where to attain their degrees, they must submit their dissertations. Now, for those who face such dilemmas, a new genre in the service industry has evolved, and that service is dissertation consulting. Dissertation consulting came about to cater to those students who need help with their dissertations and theses. In today’s world of intense competition, dissertation consulting seems to be flourishing.
Dissertation consulting is an important form of assistance to the doctorate aspirant. Through dissertation consulting, the students attain guidance and direction on how to go about the whole dissertation process. Dissertation consulting is convenient and easily accessible. The results achieved through dissertation consulting are worthwhile and reliable. Dissertation consulting can be attained from qualified personnel like professors, statisticians and consultants. They must, however, be experienced and trained to provide dissertation consulting services to the students. Dissertation consulting services require the consultant to possess certain qualities to carry the project through successfully. Statistical knowledge, a scientific outlook, computer proficiency and good communication skills are necessary traits for the expert providing the dissertation consulting services. With the growing importance of statistics in the present day, students require professional help to ensure good results. They cannot single-handedly complete the dissertation unless they are equipped with statistical skills and competence. In such cases, most of these struggling students turn to dissertation consulting.
In the case of students studying subjects like psychology, medicine and nursing, and business, where statistics is an utmost necessity, dissertation consulting is required. Psychology students conduct experimental tests where statistics and dissertation consulting play pivotal roles. The student, who may not be trained with statistics, turns to dissertation consulting. Dissertation consulting is helpful for students pursuing their careers in medicine as well. Again, statistics is required for performing clinical trials and determining medical errors. This can be done lucratively with the help of dissertation consulting. Business is another line of study where dissertation consulting is effective. Business involves market and financial research, econometrics, auditing etc., and this includes statistical and professional assistance through dissertation consulting services. Dissertation consulting is thus necessary, especially for students pursuing these fields. This is because important terms like standard deviation, standard error of the mean, over-analysis of data, multiple comparisons, and the like are frequently used in these subjects. These complicated statistical procedures emphasize the need for dissertation consulting services.
In fact, dissertation consulting caters to almost every field of study. Science and medicine, social sciences like psychology and sociology, business and commerce and even law and administration all require dissertation consulting facilities. Surely, every student deserves the right at a fair chance of improving their grades. Dissertation consulting is a solution.
The professionals executing dissertation consulting aide the student throughout the entire process, including helping students with choosing the topic, researching and investigating, designing the research pattern, conducting tests, questionnaires and surveys, formulating various statistical approaches, reviewing and analyzing the results, interpreting the results into simple language, and finally, concluding the assistance with a final check and editing of the dissertation. Dissertation consulting has proven very beneficial to the students. Through professional help and assistance very much within the average individuals’ means, dissertation consulting has been incredibly helpful for students.
Dissertation consulting also ensures that the consultants adhere to deadlines and do their best to present the best services to students. Good grades and results are a surety when it comes to the help acquired through dissertation consulting.
For more information on dissertation consulting, click here.
Dissertation consulting is an important form of assistance to the doctorate aspirant. Through dissertation consulting, the students attain guidance and direction on how to go about the whole dissertation process. Dissertation consulting is convenient and easily accessible. The results achieved through dissertation consulting are worthwhile and reliable. Dissertation consulting can be attained from qualified personnel like professors, statisticians and consultants. They must, however, be experienced and trained to provide dissertation consulting services to the students. Dissertation consulting services require the consultant to possess certain qualities to carry the project through successfully. Statistical knowledge, a scientific outlook, computer proficiency and good communication skills are necessary traits for the expert providing the dissertation consulting services. With the growing importance of statistics in the present day, students require professional help to ensure good results. They cannot single-handedly complete the dissertation unless they are equipped with statistical skills and competence. In such cases, most of these struggling students turn to dissertation consulting.
In the case of students studying subjects like psychology, medicine and nursing, and business, where statistics is an utmost necessity, dissertation consulting is required. Psychology students conduct experimental tests where statistics and dissertation consulting play pivotal roles. The student, who may not be trained with statistics, turns to dissertation consulting. Dissertation consulting is helpful for students pursuing their careers in medicine as well. Again, statistics is required for performing clinical trials and determining medical errors. This can be done lucratively with the help of dissertation consulting. Business is another line of study where dissertation consulting is effective. Business involves market and financial research, econometrics, auditing etc., and this includes statistical and professional assistance through dissertation consulting services. Dissertation consulting is thus necessary, especially for students pursuing these fields. This is because important terms like standard deviation, standard error of the mean, over-analysis of data, multiple comparisons, and the like are frequently used in these subjects. These complicated statistical procedures emphasize the need for dissertation consulting services.
In fact, dissertation consulting caters to almost every field of study. Science and medicine, social sciences like psychology and sociology, business and commerce and even law and administration all require dissertation consulting facilities. Surely, every student deserves the right at a fair chance of improving their grades. Dissertation consulting is a solution.
The professionals executing dissertation consulting aide the student throughout the entire process, including helping students with choosing the topic, researching and investigating, designing the research pattern, conducting tests, questionnaires and surveys, formulating various statistical approaches, reviewing and analyzing the results, interpreting the results into simple language, and finally, concluding the assistance with a final check and editing of the dissertation. Dissertation consulting has proven very beneficial to the students. Through professional help and assistance very much within the average individuals’ means, dissertation consulting has been incredibly helpful for students.
Dissertation consulting also ensures that the consultants adhere to deadlines and do their best to present the best services to students. Good grades and results are a surety when it comes to the help acquired through dissertation consulting.
For more information on dissertation consulting, click here.
Thursday, April 16, 2009
Dissertation Statistics Assistance
Dissertation Statistics Assistance is a kind of assistance provided to students facing challenges in their statistics dissertation. Dissertation Statistics Assistance plays the role of a guide or a professor to students. Dissertation Statistics Assistance provides assistance in various fields such as business, psychology, medicine, etc.
This document will discuss in detail how Dissertation Statistics Assistance provides assistance in these fields.
In the field of business, Dissertation Statistics Assistance is helpful for students facing challenges with statistical topics like statistical modeling, time series modeling, Econometrics, etc. Dissertation Statistics Assistance is helpful for those students who are not directly familiar with statistics. Dissertation Statistics Assistance helps such students as it explains topics (such as statistics) in layman English. Dissertation Statistics Assistance helps students understand the theory of econometrics, which is nothing but an amalgam of economics and mathematical statistics.
Dissertation Statistics Assistance helps students in understanding the theory behind time series modeling, which is a part of econometrics that involves fitting time series models with volatile time series data. Dissertation Statistics Assistance helps students in understanding how to make data stationary, with the help of some statistical software. Dissertation Statistics Assistance helps students understand the types of time series models. These models include the Auto Regressive Moving Average Model (ARMA), Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average Model (ARIMA), Auto Regressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (ARCH) and Generalised Auto Regressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (GARCH).
In the field of medicine, Dissertation Statistics Assistance provides help in understanding the correlation between statistics and healthcare. Dissertation Statistics Assistance helps students understand the theory behind the test of hypothesis, which is used extensively in the healthcare sector. Dissertation Statistics Assistance helps students understand how a Type II error in the test of the hypothesis is a dangerous error for the healthcare sector. Dissertation Statistics Assistance helps students as it guides them and instructs them on the type of software that needs to be used while applying statistical analysis to health related data. Dissertation Statistics Assistance provides assistance in understanding the theory of biostatistics, which involves methodology of analyzing public health problems and furthering bio medical research. Dissertation Statistics Assistance helps students understand how biomedical research is carried out. Dissertation Statistics Assistance helps students understand that biomedical research involves the study of a particular disease, the formulation of the drug, and finally, the clinical trials carried out on that drug. Dissertation Statistics Assistance provides information about the clinical trials on the drugs and explains that clinical trials are the only part done by the statistician. Dissertation Statistics Assistance provides knowledge about survival analysis, which helps in understanding that a fraction of the population would have survived in the past, at a certain point of time. Dissertation Statistics Assistance gives a mathematical interpretation of this technique, which says that the probability of a person dying at time ‘T’ is much later than the specified time ‘t.’ Dissertation Statistics Assistance also provides information about the assumptions of survival analysis, which approaches zero as age increases.
In the field of psychology, Dissertation Statistics Assistance helps students to understand the theory behind the measures of central tendency, which is mean, median and mode. Dissertation Statistics Assistance helps students understand that various psychological tests are carried out with the help of tests of significances. Dissertation Statistics Assistance provides help in understanding the various statistical tests of significance like t-test, f-test, and z-test. Dissertation Statistics Assistance helps students understand the measures of central tendency, which involves mean, median and mode.
Dissertation Statistics Assistance does not attempt to “spoon feed” students. However, it does try to provide a lot of articles about the topic on which the student is seeking help. Dissertation Statistics Assistance is useful only if the student is making sincere efforts.
For more information on Dissertation Statistics Assistance, click here.
This document will discuss in detail how Dissertation Statistics Assistance provides assistance in these fields.
In the field of business, Dissertation Statistics Assistance is helpful for students facing challenges with statistical topics like statistical modeling, time series modeling, Econometrics, etc. Dissertation Statistics Assistance is helpful for those students who are not directly familiar with statistics. Dissertation Statistics Assistance helps such students as it explains topics (such as statistics) in layman English. Dissertation Statistics Assistance helps students understand the theory of econometrics, which is nothing but an amalgam of economics and mathematical statistics.
Dissertation Statistics Assistance helps students in understanding the theory behind time series modeling, which is a part of econometrics that involves fitting time series models with volatile time series data. Dissertation Statistics Assistance helps students in understanding how to make data stationary, with the help of some statistical software. Dissertation Statistics Assistance helps students understand the types of time series models. These models include the Auto Regressive Moving Average Model (ARMA), Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average Model (ARIMA), Auto Regressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (ARCH) and Generalised Auto Regressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (GARCH).
In the field of medicine, Dissertation Statistics Assistance provides help in understanding the correlation between statistics and healthcare. Dissertation Statistics Assistance helps students understand the theory behind the test of hypothesis, which is used extensively in the healthcare sector. Dissertation Statistics Assistance helps students understand how a Type II error in the test of the hypothesis is a dangerous error for the healthcare sector. Dissertation Statistics Assistance helps students as it guides them and instructs them on the type of software that needs to be used while applying statistical analysis to health related data. Dissertation Statistics Assistance provides assistance in understanding the theory of biostatistics, which involves methodology of analyzing public health problems and furthering bio medical research. Dissertation Statistics Assistance helps students understand how biomedical research is carried out. Dissertation Statistics Assistance helps students understand that biomedical research involves the study of a particular disease, the formulation of the drug, and finally, the clinical trials carried out on that drug. Dissertation Statistics Assistance provides information about the clinical trials on the drugs and explains that clinical trials are the only part done by the statistician. Dissertation Statistics Assistance provides knowledge about survival analysis, which helps in understanding that a fraction of the population would have survived in the past, at a certain point of time. Dissertation Statistics Assistance gives a mathematical interpretation of this technique, which says that the probability of a person dying at time ‘T’ is much later than the specified time ‘t.’ Dissertation Statistics Assistance also provides information about the assumptions of survival analysis, which approaches zero as age increases.
In the field of psychology, Dissertation Statistics Assistance helps students to understand the theory behind the measures of central tendency, which is mean, median and mode. Dissertation Statistics Assistance helps students understand that various psychological tests are carried out with the help of tests of significances. Dissertation Statistics Assistance provides help in understanding the various statistical tests of significance like t-test, f-test, and z-test. Dissertation Statistics Assistance helps students understand the measures of central tendency, which involves mean, median and mode.
Dissertation Statistics Assistance does not attempt to “spoon feed” students. However, it does try to provide a lot of articles about the topic on which the student is seeking help. Dissertation Statistics Assistance is useful only if the student is making sincere efforts.
For more information on Dissertation Statistics Assistance, click here.
Thursday, April 9, 2009
Statistical Help
Statistics is a mathematical science that is used for data analysis, interpretation, explanation and presentation of data. Statistical help is required in every field, whether it is Psychology, medical/nursing or business. This article will highlight some key concepts of statistical help in psychology research. In psychology, a number of researches are conducted to know the attitude or behavior of people, etc. Whenever a research study is conducted, statistical help is required to analyze the data and interpret the results. Statistical help starts from the research methodology and goes through the presenting of the results.
Research methodology: In psychological research, statistics helps us to determine the methodology for the study. For example, what should the sample size for that particular research be? Which technique should we apply to the data, etc.?
Statistical help in research design: In psychological research, two types of research designs are used. The first type of research design is the true experiment, which is used when a random sample assignment is used. The second type of research design is used with multiple measures, including quasi-experiment and non experiment research designs.
Selection of variable: Statistical help is used in psychology for the selection of a variable. Variables are selected on the basis of predetermined theory that is statistically tested.
Sample size: In psychological research, we need statistical help in selecting the sample size. We know that when the sample size is small, the statistical test will not give accurate results. If the sample size is too large, then it will take more time and will be costly as well. For example, if we are using regression methods, then the minimum of 10 observations per independent variable should be present in the research data. We can use statistical help to determine the adequate sample size.
Data mining: In psychological research, there are two ways of data collection, namely the primary research and the secondary research. Statistical help gives an idea about which technique we should use for data mining.
Test statistics: In psychological research, we use statistical help do determine the test statistics for that particular data. There are a number of techniques where statistical help is required for decision making. For example, t-test, Z-test, and ANOVA, are some parametric tests by which statistical help is provided to us for comparing the mean of two behaviors. Non- parametric tests like Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, and chi-square tests are the tests that can be carried out through statistical help to answer certain research questions. This will clearly help us in the field of psychology. Logistic regression provides statistical help when the dependent regression variable is nominal. Structural equation modeling technique is usually used in psychological research. SEM techniques provide statistical help to observe the new variables from the unobserved variables and then to test the relationship between them.
Validity and reliability of statistical result: In any research, conducting analysis is not enough. After conducting the analysis, we have to test that the result is valid and reliable. Statistical help gives us the freedom to test the reliability and validity of the result.
Interpretation of result: Statistical help gives us ideas to interpret the results of the research and it gives us ideas as to how to present those results.
Statistical consultant: Statistical consultants have much experience and a strong knowledge of statistics techniques and the theory of psychology. They therefore provide statistical help. Ideally, the consultants are people who have the required education to provide statistical help. Students, researchers or doctors can hire statistical help.
For more information on statistical consulting, click here.
Research methodology: In psychological research, statistics helps us to determine the methodology for the study. For example, what should the sample size for that particular research be? Which technique should we apply to the data, etc.?
Statistical help in research design: In psychological research, two types of research designs are used. The first type of research design is the true experiment, which is used when a random sample assignment is used. The second type of research design is used with multiple measures, including quasi-experiment and non experiment research designs.
Selection of variable: Statistical help is used in psychology for the selection of a variable. Variables are selected on the basis of predetermined theory that is statistically tested.
Sample size: In psychological research, we need statistical help in selecting the sample size. We know that when the sample size is small, the statistical test will not give accurate results. If the sample size is too large, then it will take more time and will be costly as well. For example, if we are using regression methods, then the minimum of 10 observations per independent variable should be present in the research data. We can use statistical help to determine the adequate sample size.
Data mining: In psychological research, there are two ways of data collection, namely the primary research and the secondary research. Statistical help gives an idea about which technique we should use for data mining.
Test statistics: In psychological research, we use statistical help do determine the test statistics for that particular data. There are a number of techniques where statistical help is required for decision making. For example, t-test, Z-test, and ANOVA, are some parametric tests by which statistical help is provided to us for comparing the mean of two behaviors. Non- parametric tests like Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, and chi-square tests are the tests that can be carried out through statistical help to answer certain research questions. This will clearly help us in the field of psychology. Logistic regression provides statistical help when the dependent regression variable is nominal. Structural equation modeling technique is usually used in psychological research. SEM techniques provide statistical help to observe the new variables from the unobserved variables and then to test the relationship between them.
Validity and reliability of statistical result: In any research, conducting analysis is not enough. After conducting the analysis, we have to test that the result is valid and reliable. Statistical help gives us the freedom to test the reliability and validity of the result.
Interpretation of result: Statistical help gives us ideas to interpret the results of the research and it gives us ideas as to how to present those results.
Statistical consultant: Statistical consultants have much experience and a strong knowledge of statistics techniques and the theory of psychology. They therefore provide statistical help. Ideally, the consultants are people who have the required education to provide statistical help. Students, researchers or doctors can hire statistical help.
For more information on statistical consulting, click here.
Tuesday, April 7, 2009
Doctoral Statistical Analysis
A doctoral degree is one of the highest degrees a student can receive in life. Whether it is in psychology, medical, accounting or any other subject, if you have the doctoral degree for that subject, you are considered a master of that subject. Since it is such an important degree, it certainly has its requirements. One must have a strong work ethic and a strong desire to achieve a doctoral degree. The most important step in receiving a doctoral degree is the submission of your thesis. Authoring a thesis is not an easy task in and of itself, and doing the statistical analysis part of the dissertation is even tougher. Therefore, students often require the help of doctoral statistical analysis. Doctoral statistical analysis is very important in the present time, where statistics is required in every field. Since the doctoral statistical analysis allows the students to take faster strides in developing their knowledge about a particular subject, it is very crucial for them to consider who they are hiring for their doctoral statistical analysis help.
Hiring doctoral statistical analysis help assists the students to reach more precise, steadfast and dependable results. The doctoral statistical analysis may involve different fields of subjects but its statistical part is a kind of mathematical science. Doctoral statistical analysis involves the assemblage, assessment and summarization of data. Doctoral statistical analysis also has methods and techniques in which the analysts and consultants understand, alter and interpret the data to determine some patterns for their research and its intended conclusion. Though doctoral statistical analysis only caters to the students in universities, the students who do the doctoral statistical analysis often use their knowledge in business problems, consulting projects, etc. Doctoral statistical analysis can also help them in market and clinical researches in their future life. Thus, doctoral statistical analysis and the knowledge gained in learning how to do statistical analysis can go a long way for the student—both in his studies and beyond the university.
Doctoral statistical analysis is very effectual and instructive for students from every field and subject. Since statistics analysis includes data collection, data interpretation and data validation, doctoral statistical analysis uses statistical methods to prove certain innovative points and issues of the doctoral statistical analysis. While the students are doing their doctoral statistical analysis, they examine the data very efficiently and they also design and structure different techniques and procedures for data collection. Through doctoral statistical analysis, a student is able to extract the useful points of his/her thesis and therefore, it becomes the most definite step in order to procure the success of his/her thesis. Doctoral statistical analysis also provides guidance to the students for their entire project and its execution. The number of advantages of doing the doctoral statistical analysis is immense and incalculable.
All psychology students use statistics in their doctoral statistical analysis, where they have to carry out surveys and questionnaires in order to understand some human behaviors. Psychology is a behavioral science where students carry out surveys to understand certain human behavior. A PhD student can also utilize doctoral statistical analysis to prove his/her individual point about men and the reasons for their diverse behaviors. Medical students, who are doing their theses, can also utilize doctoral statistical analysis for understanding the causes and prevention of certain diseases in one particular area. For instance, if their research is about the maximum number of malaria patients in South Africa, they can very appropriately conclude their results through doctoral statistical analysis. Similarly, nursing students doing their nursing doctoral statistical analysis or business doctoral statistical analysis can benefit from doctoral statistical analysis.
Clearly we can see that statistical analysis has its own importance in every field possible. Students who do not have a statistical background sometimes feel struck while going through their doctoral statistical analysis. They should never ignore their doctoral statistical analysis because it is the most important tool for them to gain validity for their thesis. They should never hesitate to get help, or to hire help from statistical analysts who are easily available online and who provide valid and concrete doctoral statistical analysis help.
For information on statistical consulting, click here.
Hiring doctoral statistical analysis help assists the students to reach more precise, steadfast and dependable results. The doctoral statistical analysis may involve different fields of subjects but its statistical part is a kind of mathematical science. Doctoral statistical analysis involves the assemblage, assessment and summarization of data. Doctoral statistical analysis also has methods and techniques in which the analysts and consultants understand, alter and interpret the data to determine some patterns for their research and its intended conclusion. Though doctoral statistical analysis only caters to the students in universities, the students who do the doctoral statistical analysis often use their knowledge in business problems, consulting projects, etc. Doctoral statistical analysis can also help them in market and clinical researches in their future life. Thus, doctoral statistical analysis and the knowledge gained in learning how to do statistical analysis can go a long way for the student—both in his studies and beyond the university.
Doctoral statistical analysis is very effectual and instructive for students from every field and subject. Since statistics analysis includes data collection, data interpretation and data validation, doctoral statistical analysis uses statistical methods to prove certain innovative points and issues of the doctoral statistical analysis. While the students are doing their doctoral statistical analysis, they examine the data very efficiently and they also design and structure different techniques and procedures for data collection. Through doctoral statistical analysis, a student is able to extract the useful points of his/her thesis and therefore, it becomes the most definite step in order to procure the success of his/her thesis. Doctoral statistical analysis also provides guidance to the students for their entire project and its execution. The number of advantages of doing the doctoral statistical analysis is immense and incalculable.
All psychology students use statistics in their doctoral statistical analysis, where they have to carry out surveys and questionnaires in order to understand some human behaviors. Psychology is a behavioral science where students carry out surveys to understand certain human behavior. A PhD student can also utilize doctoral statistical analysis to prove his/her individual point about men and the reasons for their diverse behaviors. Medical students, who are doing their theses, can also utilize doctoral statistical analysis for understanding the causes and prevention of certain diseases in one particular area. For instance, if their research is about the maximum number of malaria patients in South Africa, they can very appropriately conclude their results through doctoral statistical analysis. Similarly, nursing students doing their nursing doctoral statistical analysis or business doctoral statistical analysis can benefit from doctoral statistical analysis.
Clearly we can see that statistical analysis has its own importance in every field possible. Students who do not have a statistical background sometimes feel struck while going through their doctoral statistical analysis. They should never ignore their doctoral statistical analysis because it is the most important tool for them to gain validity for their thesis. They should never hesitate to get help, or to hire help from statistical analysts who are easily available online and who provide valid and concrete doctoral statistical analysis help.
For information on statistical consulting, click here.
Monday, April 6, 2009
Analysis of Variance
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is a statistical technique that was invented by Fisher, and it is therefore sometimes called Fisher’s analysis of variance (ANOVA). In survey research, analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to compare the means of more than two populations. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique can be used in the case of two sample means comparison.
Additionally, it can be used in cases of two samples analysis of variance (ANOVA) and results will be the same as the t-test. For example, if we want to compare income by gender group. In this case, t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) results will be the same. In the case of more than two groups, we can use t-test as well, but this procedure will be long. Thus, analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique is the best technique when the independent variable has more than two groups. Before performing the analysis of variance (ANOVA), we should consider some basics and some assumptions on which this test is performed:
Assumptions:
1. Independence of case: Independence of case assumption means that the case of the dependent variable should be independent or the sample should be selected randomly. There should not be any pattern in the selection of the sample.
2. Normality: Distribution of each group should be normal. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov or the Shapiro-Wilk test may be used to confirm normality of the group.
3. Homogeneity: Homogeneity means variance between the groups should be the same. Levene's test is used to test the homogeneity between groups.
If particular data follows the above assumptions, then the analysis of variance (ANOVA) is the best technique to compare the means of two populations, or more than two populations. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) has three types.
One way analysis of variance (ANOVA): When we are comparing more than three groups based on one factor variable, then it said to be one way analysis of variance (ANOVA). For example, if we want to compare whether or not the mean output of three workers is the same based on the working hours of the three workers, then it said to be one way analysis of variance (ANOVA).
Two way analysis of variance (ANOVA): When factor variables are more than two, then it is said to be two way analysis of variance (ANOVA). For example, based on working condition and working hours, we can compare whether or not the mean output of three workers is the same. In this case, it is said to be two way analysis of variance (ANOVA).
K way analysis of variance (ANOVA): When factor variables are k, then it is said to be the k way of analysis of variance (ANOVA).
Key terms and concepts:
Sum of square between groups: For the sum of the square between groups, we calculate the individual means of the group, then we take the deviation from the individual mean for each group. And finally, we will take the sum of all groups after the square of the individual group.
Sum of squares within group: In order to get the sum of squares within a group, we calculate the grand mean for all groups and then take the deviation from the individual group. The sum of all groups will be done after the square of the deviation.
F –ratio: To calculate the F-ratio, the sum of the squares between groups will be divided by the sum of the square within a group.
Degree of freedom: To calculate the degree of freedom between the sums of the squares group, we will subtract one from the number of groups. The sum of the square within the group’s degree of freedom will be calculated by subtracting the number of groups from the total observation.
BSS df = (g-1) for BSS is between the sum of squares, where g is the group, and df is the degree of freedom.
WSS df = (N-g) for WSS within the sum of squares, where N is the total sample size.
Significance: At a predetermine level of significance (usually at 5%), we will compare and calculate the value with the critical table value. Today, however, computers can automatically calculate the probability value for F-ratio. If p-value is lesser than the predetermined significance level, then group means will be different. Or, if the p-value is greater than the predetermined significance level, we can say that there is no difference between the groups’ mean.
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) in SPSS: In SPSS, analysis of variance (ANOVA) can be performed in many ways. We can perform this test in SPSS by clicking on the option “one way ANOVA,” available in the “compare means” option. When we are performing two ways or more than two ways analysis of variance (ANOVA), then we can use the “univariate” option available in the GLM menu. SPSS will give additional results as well, like the partial eta square, Power, regression model, post hoc, homogeneity test, etc. The post hoc test is performed when there is significant difference between groups and we want to know exactly which group has means that are significantly different from other groups.
Extension of analysis of variance (ANOVA):
MANOVA: Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is performed when we have one dependent metric variable and one nominal independent variable. However, when we have more than one dependent variable and one or more independent variable, then we will use multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA).
ANCOVA: Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) test is used to know whether or not certain factors have an effect on the outcome variable after removing the variance for quantitative predictors (covariates).
For information on statistical consulting, click here.
Additionally, it can be used in cases of two samples analysis of variance (ANOVA) and results will be the same as the t-test. For example, if we want to compare income by gender group. In this case, t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) results will be the same. In the case of more than two groups, we can use t-test as well, but this procedure will be long. Thus, analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique is the best technique when the independent variable has more than two groups. Before performing the analysis of variance (ANOVA), we should consider some basics and some assumptions on which this test is performed:
Assumptions:
1. Independence of case: Independence of case assumption means that the case of the dependent variable should be independent or the sample should be selected randomly. There should not be any pattern in the selection of the sample.
2. Normality: Distribution of each group should be normal. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov or the Shapiro-Wilk test may be used to confirm normality of the group.
3. Homogeneity: Homogeneity means variance between the groups should be the same. Levene's test is used to test the homogeneity between groups.
If particular data follows the above assumptions, then the analysis of variance (ANOVA) is the best technique to compare the means of two populations, or more than two populations. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) has three types.
One way analysis of variance (ANOVA): When we are comparing more than three groups based on one factor variable, then it said to be one way analysis of variance (ANOVA). For example, if we want to compare whether or not the mean output of three workers is the same based on the working hours of the three workers, then it said to be one way analysis of variance (ANOVA).
Two way analysis of variance (ANOVA): When factor variables are more than two, then it is said to be two way analysis of variance (ANOVA). For example, based on working condition and working hours, we can compare whether or not the mean output of three workers is the same. In this case, it is said to be two way analysis of variance (ANOVA).
K way analysis of variance (ANOVA): When factor variables are k, then it is said to be the k way of analysis of variance (ANOVA).
Key terms and concepts:
Sum of square between groups: For the sum of the square between groups, we calculate the individual means of the group, then we take the deviation from the individual mean for each group. And finally, we will take the sum of all groups after the square of the individual group.
Sum of squares within group: In order to get the sum of squares within a group, we calculate the grand mean for all groups and then take the deviation from the individual group. The sum of all groups will be done after the square of the deviation.
F –ratio: To calculate the F-ratio, the sum of the squares between groups will be divided by the sum of the square within a group.
Degree of freedom: To calculate the degree of freedom between the sums of the squares group, we will subtract one from the number of groups. The sum of the square within the group’s degree of freedom will be calculated by subtracting the number of groups from the total observation.
BSS df = (g-1) for BSS is between the sum of squares, where g is the group, and df is the degree of freedom.
WSS df = (N-g) for WSS within the sum of squares, where N is the total sample size.
Significance: At a predetermine level of significance (usually at 5%), we will compare and calculate the value with the critical table value. Today, however, computers can automatically calculate the probability value for F-ratio. If p-value is lesser than the predetermined significance level, then group means will be different. Or, if the p-value is greater than the predetermined significance level, we can say that there is no difference between the groups’ mean.
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) in SPSS: In SPSS, analysis of variance (ANOVA) can be performed in many ways. We can perform this test in SPSS by clicking on the option “one way ANOVA,” available in the “compare means” option. When we are performing two ways or more than two ways analysis of variance (ANOVA), then we can use the “univariate” option available in the GLM menu. SPSS will give additional results as well, like the partial eta square, Power, regression model, post hoc, homogeneity test, etc. The post hoc test is performed when there is significant difference between groups and we want to know exactly which group has means that are significantly different from other groups.
Extension of analysis of variance (ANOVA):
MANOVA: Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is performed when we have one dependent metric variable and one nominal independent variable. However, when we have more than one dependent variable and one or more independent variable, then we will use multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA).
ANCOVA: Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) test is used to know whether or not certain factors have an effect on the outcome variable after removing the variance for quantitative predictors (covariates).
For information on statistical consulting, click here.
Wednesday, April 1, 2009
Dissertation Statistics Help
Dissertations can be very frustrating for aspiring students and scholars everywhere. Students who wish to attain their degree often feel much anxiety and stress. It can feel close to impossible for a student to even decide upon a topic, let alone conclude one. In such instances where it looks as if there is no way out, there is dissertation statistics help to assist the students with all that they need! Dissertation statistics help is aid provided to students on dissertations and theses. Dissertation statistics help has relieved many students of their dissertation woes. It has catered to a large number of students and has ensured and secured high grades and scores for them.
Most importantly, dissertation statistics help builds confidence for students, for students are assured of the success of their dissertations. Dissertation statistics help provides specialized services for the students through various means and methods. Below is a list of the processes of dissertation statistics help:
· Dissertation statistics help assists the student in first deciding on a topic.
· The consultant plans and designs the statistical method.
· The analysts and consultants also help the student in preparing hypotheses. Additionally, they help to design a survey and an investigation that answers all the research questions.
· The dissertation statistics help interprets the results and submits the results based on the findings and utilizes tables and graphs.
· Some consultants do the editing of the entire report as well.
· Dissertation statistics help also ensures that the consultants prepare and groom the students for their oral presentations and reports of the dissertation, giving them much more confidence and poise.
Dissertation statistics help has proven to be very constructive for the students. Through dissertation statistics help, students become more prepared and more confident when they meet with their authorities and the teaching faculty concerned. The students, after taking dissertation statistics help, can more clearly comprehend their findings.
Dissertation statistics help can be derived from statisticians who are well trained and experts in the field. Such help can be sought from professors as well as statistical consultants who know the subject at length. Such professionals must have sufficient communication skills so that a proper understanding and mutual cooperation may exist between the two parties. Again, the concerned body must be equipped with a keen interest in science, they must be statistically adept, and must also be computer proficient. Their computer proficiency enables them to use various computer statistical software that exists today. Besides theses skills, they must also be invested in teamwork and cooperation. This is crucial to the overall success of the project. Clearly dissertation statistics help is necessary, as without it, the student would be at a loss and would not know how to go about the entire process.
Statistics is a very important subject and plays an important role in many domains and fields. It is applied to almost every subject. Thus, for those who do not possess the required and necessary skills, dissertation statistics help is of the essence. Dissertation statistics help is priced at reasonable rates and consultants ensure that the clients get their money’s worth. In other words, hiring a statistical consultant is money well spent. It guides the student in the right direction through expert management. Dissertation statistics help focuses on quality and excellence. Customized reports are also guaranteed through dissertation statistics help. Statistics (attained with help and expertise from statistics help) has assured itself as one of the most reliable and efficient methods to validate the thesis and report. Budget, cost, expenses, deadlines and requisites concerning the project are also to be considered by the firm so that they are in accordance with the clients’ needs and requirements.
Dissertation statistics help has opened a plethora of avenues for students. While it is important for the student to be cautious and perform a thorough check on the background and repute of the company, it is also necessary for the student to be able to trust the consultant with the work. Dissertation statistics help is vital in the present day and will continue reach milestones in the future.
Most importantly, dissertation statistics help builds confidence for students, for students are assured of the success of their dissertations. Dissertation statistics help provides specialized services for the students through various means and methods. Below is a list of the processes of dissertation statistics help:
· Dissertation statistics help assists the student in first deciding on a topic.
· The consultant plans and designs the statistical method.
· The analysts and consultants also help the student in preparing hypotheses. Additionally, they help to design a survey and an investigation that answers all the research questions.
· The dissertation statistics help interprets the results and submits the results based on the findings and utilizes tables and graphs.
· Some consultants do the editing of the entire report as well.
· Dissertation statistics help also ensures that the consultants prepare and groom the students for their oral presentations and reports of the dissertation, giving them much more confidence and poise.
Dissertation statistics help has proven to be very constructive for the students. Through dissertation statistics help, students become more prepared and more confident when they meet with their authorities and the teaching faculty concerned. The students, after taking dissertation statistics help, can more clearly comprehend their findings.
Dissertation statistics help can be derived from statisticians who are well trained and experts in the field. Such help can be sought from professors as well as statistical consultants who know the subject at length. Such professionals must have sufficient communication skills so that a proper understanding and mutual cooperation may exist between the two parties. Again, the concerned body must be equipped with a keen interest in science, they must be statistically adept, and must also be computer proficient. Their computer proficiency enables them to use various computer statistical software that exists today. Besides theses skills, they must also be invested in teamwork and cooperation. This is crucial to the overall success of the project. Clearly dissertation statistics help is necessary, as without it, the student would be at a loss and would not know how to go about the entire process.
Statistics is a very important subject and plays an important role in many domains and fields. It is applied to almost every subject. Thus, for those who do not possess the required and necessary skills, dissertation statistics help is of the essence. Dissertation statistics help is priced at reasonable rates and consultants ensure that the clients get their money’s worth. In other words, hiring a statistical consultant is money well spent. It guides the student in the right direction through expert management. Dissertation statistics help focuses on quality and excellence. Customized reports are also guaranteed through dissertation statistics help. Statistics (attained with help and expertise from statistics help) has assured itself as one of the most reliable and efficient methods to validate the thesis and report. Budget, cost, expenses, deadlines and requisites concerning the project are also to be considered by the firm so that they are in accordance with the clients’ needs and requirements.
Dissertation statistics help has opened a plethora of avenues for students. While it is important for the student to be cautious and perform a thorough check on the background and repute of the company, it is also necessary for the student to be able to trust the consultant with the work. Dissertation statistics help is vital in the present day and will continue reach milestones in the future.
Dissertation Statistics Tutoring
Dissertation writing is a very critical step in the process of acquiring your degree. All students who are writing their dissertations have to go through many hurdles for which they need both guidelines and a helping hand. Because their advisors are not available to help them every time, they can struggle with direction and at times can find themselves at a complete loss. In such situations, students cannot do anything but turn in circles as they struggle with their dissertations. Even if the students have done their papers and the required readings throughout the year, when it comes to writing the dissertations, students can find themselves unsure of where to even begin. Despite their best efforts, they could most definitely use professional guidance. This need for help only intensifies while dealing with the statistical part of the dissertation. Authoring a dissertation is a tough task in and of itself, but doing the statistical part of dissertation is absolutely a different level of complexity. And this certainly requires expert help! As it is, exam time is a difficult and tiring period by itself. This is because of the papers one has to write and the amount of reading the student has to finish. Adding the stress of a dissertation on top of all of this work does not help. The frustration the student feels gets intensified when their proposals or finished dissertations get rejected because of insufficient data or lack of innovation in the student’s idea. This is where dissertation statistics tutoring comes into the picture. Dissertation statistics tutoring benefits students who have to complete their dissertations to attain their degree. Dissertation statistics tutoring is invaluable as it facilitates the entire process of composing the thesis or dissertation for the student.
Dissertation statistics tutoring helps the students in many ways:
-Dissertation statistics tutoring helps in developing the research question.
-The design and choice of the research methods are performed through dissertation statistics tutoring by the statisticians and professionals.
-Dissertation statistics tutoring also helps in validating and designing the surveys.
-They help in recording and entering the data.
-They use rigorous quantitative techniques to analyze data.
-They interpret the student’s findings.
-Dissertation Statistics tutoring provides help in preparing tables and graphs.
-They all address the comments of editors and reviewers of the dissertation.
-They endeavor to solve the student’s problems in an efficient, professional, and timely manner.
Dissertation Statistics Tutors have a thorough knowledge of research designs and statistics. Dissertations Statistics tutoring provides professionals who are experts at making you choose the proper type of analysis such as, t-tests, ANOVA, MANOVA, regression analysis, factor analysis, cluster analysis, etc. for your research question. If you hire a tutor from the dissertation statistics tutoring services in the beginning of your research, he/she can easily spot the loopholes in your research design and help you do the corrections needed to get the perfect design of study. The best part about dissertation statistics tutoring is that they have tutors who can transcribe the complex literature into understandable prose and assist you in writing a comprehensible and error free dissertation. Many dissertation statistics consultants do not do the editing work but there are few others who are willing to check spelling and grammar as a part of their writing assistance.
In this fast-paced world, students have a lot of things to worry about. Dissertation Statistics tutoring services can be a good source of relief if hired with all the necessary precautions. While hiring the services of dissertation statistics tutoring, one should make sure that they are capable and that they have the required expertise to carry out the task assignment as per the clients’ requirements. Students should always check their available services as well as the feedback from the people who have made use of their services. Students should also respect the policies and constructive criticism that they receive in the course of their dissertation statistics tutoring. Some students might find the dissertation statistics tutoring a bit challenging but they should remember that the experience and unique information gained from the dissertation statistics tutor is invaluable.
Dissertation statistics tutoring is of great use for all students if utilized efficiently and without any communication gap between the tutor and student. The exchange of ideas should be clear-cut and precise and should be followed up by a mutual understanding between both parties. Dissertation statistics tutoring is without a doubt indispensable and effective.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)