The level of measurement has been classified into basically four categories. It is important for the researcher to understand that the level of measurement is determined partly by arithmetic operations and statistical operations.
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Sorted in an ascending order of precision, the four different levels of measurement are the nominal, the ordinal, the interval and the ratio scale.
The first among the four levels of measurement is the nominal level. This level of measurement basically refers to those cases in which the numbers are used to organize the data. The use of words and letters is also done in this level of measurement. Suppose there is data that has two categories of students, namely weak students and strong students. Using this level of measurement, the researcher can easily classify the weak category of students with the letter ‘W,’ and the strong category of students can be denoted with an ‘S.’ This assigning of letters to distinguish the classification is the nominal level of measurement.
The second type of level of measurement is the ordinal level. This level of measurement generally involves those measurements that signify some kind of ordered associations between the number items. If four teams participate in a match, the team that has beaten all three teams would win the match and would be assigned the first rank. Then, the team performing right below the first team would be assigned the second rank, and so on. Thus, this level of measurement also assigns the reasons behind the rank assigned to any particular item. So, this level of measurement indicates the appropriate ordering of the measurements. The researcher should note that in this type of level of measurement, the change or the share between any two types of rankings does not remain the same along the scale.
The next type of level of measurement is that of the interval level of measurement. In this level of measurement, the researcher categorizes and assigns orders to the measurements and also reveals that the distances between each interval on the scale is equivalent along the scale from the low interval to the high interval. One such example is the measurement of anxiety of a student that is in between the score of 10 and 11 is same as if the student is in between the score of 40 and 41. Another appropriate example for this type of level of measurement is that while measuring the temperature in centigrade, the distance between 940C and 960C is similar to the distance between 1000C and 1020C.
The last level of measurement is the ratio level of measurement. In this type of level of measurement, the researcher can observe a value of actual zero as well. This kind of phenomena is quite unlike the other types of level of measurement. However, the researcher should note that this level of measurement has the same property as that of the interval level of measurement. The divisions between the points on the scale have the equivalent distance between them, and the rankings assigned to the items are according to their size in this level of measurement.
The researcher should note that among these levels of measurements, the nominal level is simply used to classify the data, whereas the levels of measurement described by the interval and the ratio are much more exact.
Wednesday, February 3, 2010
Monday, February 1, 2010
Dissertation Statistics Help
If you are a doctoral student who has started your dissertation, you know that the road ahead of you is lengthy and difficult. This is because the dissertation is lengthy and difficult. In fact, chances are that you have already been overwhelmed by the mere thought of working on and finishing your dissertation. You are not alone, however, as most students who must write a dissertation have had the exact same feelings of dread, anxiety and panic.
There is, of course, a way to deal with this dread, anxiety and panic and this is to acquire dissertation statistics help. Dissertation statistics help is a service provided by dissertation consultants and dissertation statistics help can make every single step of your dissertation easier and more manageable. Dissertation statistics help offers a student individual and personalized help as dissertation statistics help ensures that the student finishes with accuracy, timeliness and success.
Statistics Solutions is the country's leader in dissertation statistics help. Contact Statistics Solutions today for a free 30-minute consultation.
Dissertation statistics help is becoming more and more popular as more and more people attempt to receive their doctoral degrees. Dissertation statistics help has also become popular because it has become apparent that many students are not trained in the difficult field of statistics. The student is trained in his or her area of study, and yet, when it comes to statistics, the student has not received the proper training. Dissertation statistics help steps into this void and dissertation statistics help actually instructs the students in terms of statistics. Dissertation statistics help provides this one-on-one instruction to all students who seek dissertation statistics help. And this training is quite possibly the most valuable and most important service that dissertation statistics help provides. This is true because the student will eventually have to defend his or her dissertation and if the student does not understand the statistics part of his or her dissertation, they will not pass the oral defense part of the dissertation. Thus, dissertation statistics help will provide all of the training necessary to the student so that he or she can pass the oral defense of his or her dissertation.
Before the student gets to the oral defense of his or her dissertation, the student must complete the dissertation. This is made easy and understandable by dissertation statistics help. Dissertation statistics help will provide valuable insight as to how to do every single step of the statistics that are involved with the student’s dissertation. The first step, of course, is to make sure that the topic is valid and can be studied. Dissertation statistics help will make sure that the student’s topic can indeed be studied statistically, and dissertation statistics help will assist the student if his or her topic is not able to be studied and measured statistically. Dissertation statistics help will then go about the process of the statistics with the student. What that means is that dissertation statistics help will guide the student through every single step of the dissertation statistics. This includes first collecting the data (which can be very lengthy and difficult if it is not done correctly), interpreting the results of the data collected (which again can be lengthy and difficult if not done correctly) and applying those results to the dissertation and thesis. Once all of this is complete, dissertation statistics help will also edit and proofread the entire dissertation, just to make sure that the student will indeed succeed when they turn in their dissertation for approval.
Without question, dissertation statistics help is the absolute best way to expedite the process of writing a dissertation. With dissertation statistics help, the student is guaranteed to succeed as he or she has dissertation statistics help assisting him/her every single step of the way.
There is, of course, a way to deal with this dread, anxiety and panic and this is to acquire dissertation statistics help. Dissertation statistics help is a service provided by dissertation consultants and dissertation statistics help can make every single step of your dissertation easier and more manageable. Dissertation statistics help offers a student individual and personalized help as dissertation statistics help ensures that the student finishes with accuracy, timeliness and success.
Statistics Solutions is the country's leader in dissertation statistics help. Contact Statistics Solutions today for a free 30-minute consultation.
Dissertation statistics help is becoming more and more popular as more and more people attempt to receive their doctoral degrees. Dissertation statistics help has also become popular because it has become apparent that many students are not trained in the difficult field of statistics. The student is trained in his or her area of study, and yet, when it comes to statistics, the student has not received the proper training. Dissertation statistics help steps into this void and dissertation statistics help actually instructs the students in terms of statistics. Dissertation statistics help provides this one-on-one instruction to all students who seek dissertation statistics help. And this training is quite possibly the most valuable and most important service that dissertation statistics help provides. This is true because the student will eventually have to defend his or her dissertation and if the student does not understand the statistics part of his or her dissertation, they will not pass the oral defense part of the dissertation. Thus, dissertation statistics help will provide all of the training necessary to the student so that he or she can pass the oral defense of his or her dissertation.
Before the student gets to the oral defense of his or her dissertation, the student must complete the dissertation. This is made easy and understandable by dissertation statistics help. Dissertation statistics help will provide valuable insight as to how to do every single step of the statistics that are involved with the student’s dissertation. The first step, of course, is to make sure that the topic is valid and can be studied. Dissertation statistics help will make sure that the student’s topic can indeed be studied statistically, and dissertation statistics help will assist the student if his or her topic is not able to be studied and measured statistically. Dissertation statistics help will then go about the process of the statistics with the student. What that means is that dissertation statistics help will guide the student through every single step of the dissertation statistics. This includes first collecting the data (which can be very lengthy and difficult if it is not done correctly), interpreting the results of the data collected (which again can be lengthy and difficult if not done correctly) and applying those results to the dissertation and thesis. Once all of this is complete, dissertation statistics help will also edit and proofread the entire dissertation, just to make sure that the student will indeed succeed when they turn in their dissertation for approval.
Without question, dissertation statistics help is the absolute best way to expedite the process of writing a dissertation. With dissertation statistics help, the student is guaranteed to succeed as he or she has dissertation statistics help assisting him/her every single step of the way.
Thursday, December 17, 2009
Continuous Probability distribution
Continuous probability distribution is that type of distribution that deals with continuous type of data or random variables. The continuous random variables deal with different kinds of continuous probability distribution.
Statistics Solutions is the country's leader in continuous probability distribution and dissertation statistics. Contact Statistics Solutions today for a free 30-minute consultation.
There are different continuous probability distributions.
A normal distribution is a continuous probability distribution with parameters µ ( called the mean) and s2 (called the variance) that have a range of -8 to +8. Its continuous probability distribution is given by the following:
f(x;µ, s)= (1/ s p) exp(-0.5 (x-µ)2/ s2).
This type of continuous probability distribution plays a crucial role in statistical theory for several reasons. Most of the distributions, like binomial, poisson and hyper geometric distributions are approximated with the help of this continuous probability distribution.
This continuous probability distribution finds a large number of applications in Statistical Quality Control.
This type of continuous probability distribution is used widely in the study of large sample theory where normality is involved. Sample statistics can be best studied with the help of the curves of this type of continuous probability distribution.
The overall theory of significance tests (like t test, F test, etc.) are entirely based upon the fundamental assumption that the parent population belongs to this type of continuous probability distribution.
Even if the variable is not following this type of continuous probability distribution, then it can be transformed into this type of continuous probability distribution.
A gamma distribution is a continuous probability distribution with the parameter ‘d>0’that has a range of 0 to 8. Its continuous probability distribution is given by the following:
f(x)= exp(-x) xd-1/
This type of continuous probability distribution has a property called the additive property. This property states that the sum of the independent variates of this continuous probability distribution is equal to the variate of this continuous probability distribution.
A beta distribution of the first kind is a continuous probability distribution with the parameters µ>0 and v>0 that has the range of 0 to 1. Its continuous probability distribution is given by the following:
f(x)= (1/B(µ,v)) xµ-1 (1-x)v-1
A beta distribution of the second kind is a continuous probability distribution with the parameters µ>0 and v>0 that has the range of 0 to 8. Its continuous probability distribution is given by the following:
f(x)= (1/B(µ,v)) xµ-1 (1+x)v+µ
An exponential distribution is a continuous probability distribution with the parameter ‘c’ >0 that has the range of 0 to 8. Its continuous probability distribution is given by the following:
f(x,c)= c exp(-cx)
A standard laplace or double exponential distribution is a continuous probability distribution with no parameter. The reason that there is no parameter in this type of continuous probability distribution is because this continuous probability distribution is standardized in nature. Thus, this continuous probability distribution does not have any parameters. Its continuous probability distribution is given by the following:
f(x)= 0.5 exp (- )
A weibul distribution is a continuous probability distribution with three parameters c(>0), a(>0) and µ that has the range of µ to 8. Its continuous probability distribution is given by the following:
f(x;c,a,µ) = (c (x-µ/a)c-1)/ a exp (-(x-µ/a)c)
A logistic distribution is a continuous probability distribution with parameter a and ß. This type of continuous probability distribution is used widely as a growth function in population and other demographic studies. This type of continuous probability distribution is considered to be the mixture of the extreme values of the distributions.
A Cauchy distribution is a continuous probability distribution with parameter ‘l’ > 0 and ‘µ.’ This type of continuous probability distribution has the range of -8 to +8. The continuous probability distribution is given by the following:
f(x)= l/p(l2+(x-µ)2)
This type of continuous probability distribution follows the additive property as stated above. The type of continuous probability distribution plays a role in providing counter examples.
Statistics Solutions is the country's leader in continuous probability distribution and dissertation statistics. Contact Statistics Solutions today for a free 30-minute consultation.
There are different continuous probability distributions.
A normal distribution is a continuous probability distribution with parameters µ ( called the mean) and s2 (called the variance) that have a range of -8 to +8. Its continuous probability distribution is given by the following:
f(x;µ, s)= (1/ s p) exp(-0.5 (x-µ)2/ s2).
This type of continuous probability distribution plays a crucial role in statistical theory for several reasons. Most of the distributions, like binomial, poisson and hyper geometric distributions are approximated with the help of this continuous probability distribution.
This continuous probability distribution finds a large number of applications in Statistical Quality Control.
This type of continuous probability distribution is used widely in the study of large sample theory where normality is involved. Sample statistics can be best studied with the help of the curves of this type of continuous probability distribution.
The overall theory of significance tests (like t test, F test, etc.) are entirely based upon the fundamental assumption that the parent population belongs to this type of continuous probability distribution.
Even if the variable is not following this type of continuous probability distribution, then it can be transformed into this type of continuous probability distribution.
A gamma distribution is a continuous probability distribution with the parameter ‘d>0’that has a range of 0 to 8. Its continuous probability distribution is given by the following:
f(x)= exp(-x) xd-1/
This type of continuous probability distribution has a property called the additive property. This property states that the sum of the independent variates of this continuous probability distribution is equal to the variate of this continuous probability distribution.
A beta distribution of the first kind is a continuous probability distribution with the parameters µ>0 and v>0 that has the range of 0 to 1. Its continuous probability distribution is given by the following:
f(x)= (1/B(µ,v)) xµ-1 (1-x)v-1
A beta distribution of the second kind is a continuous probability distribution with the parameters µ>0 and v>0 that has the range of 0 to 8. Its continuous probability distribution is given by the following:
f(x)= (1/B(µ,v)) xµ-1 (1+x)v+µ
An exponential distribution is a continuous probability distribution with the parameter ‘c’ >0 that has the range of 0 to 8. Its continuous probability distribution is given by the following:
f(x,c)= c exp(-cx)
A standard laplace or double exponential distribution is a continuous probability distribution with no parameter. The reason that there is no parameter in this type of continuous probability distribution is because this continuous probability distribution is standardized in nature. Thus, this continuous probability distribution does not have any parameters. Its continuous probability distribution is given by the following:
f(x)= 0.5 exp (- )
A weibul distribution is a continuous probability distribution with three parameters c(>0), a(>0) and µ that has the range of µ to 8. Its continuous probability distribution is given by the following:
f(x;c,a,µ) = (c (x-µ/a)c-1)/ a exp (-(x-µ/a)c)
A logistic distribution is a continuous probability distribution with parameter a and ß. This type of continuous probability distribution is used widely as a growth function in population and other demographic studies. This type of continuous probability distribution is considered to be the mixture of the extreme values of the distributions.
A Cauchy distribution is a continuous probability distribution with parameter ‘l’ > 0 and ‘µ.’ This type of continuous probability distribution has the range of -8 to +8. The continuous probability distribution is given by the following:
f(x)= l/p(l2+(x-µ)2)
This type of continuous probability distribution follows the additive property as stated above. The type of continuous probability distribution plays a role in providing counter examples.
Wednesday, December 16, 2009
Chi-square
Chi square is defined as the square of the standard normal variable. There are certain chi square tests and they are discussed below in a detailed manner.
Statistics Solutions is the country's leader in chi square and dissertation statistics. Contact Statistics Solutions today for a free 30-minute consultation.
A cross tabulation is also a kind of chi square test that is used by the researcher in order to test the statistical significance of the correlation that is observed in the study. The chi square test is used by the researcher to determine the strength of the association in the objects under study.
The researcher should note that the greater the difference between the observed value of the cell frequency and the expected value of the cell frequency, the larger the value of the statistic of the chi square. This means that the difference of the observed value and the expected value in the chi square test is directly proportional to the value of the chi square statistic in the chi square test.
To determine the association or the correlation between the two variables that exist in the chi square test, the probability that is computed for obtaining the value of the chi square must be larger or greater, or must have a higher value than the one obtained, which is computed from the chi square test of cross tabulation.
Another popular chi square test is the goodness of fit test. This goodness of fit in the chi square test helps the researcher to understand whether or not the sample that is collected from some population belongs to some specific distribution. This chi square test is basically applicable in cases where the discrete type of probability distributions is involved, like Poisson distribution, binomial distribution, etc. This chi square test is an alternative to the non parametric type of test, called the Kolmogorov Smirnov goodness of fit test.
The null hypothesis that the researcher assumes in this chi square test is that the drawn data from the population follows the distribution. The definition of the statistic used in the chi square test is the same, which is the sum of the square of the deviation between the observed and the expected frequency that is divided by the expected frequency. An important point related to the validity of this type of chi square test is that the expected number of cell frequencies should be less than five.
Researchers generally assume certain assumptions in the chi square test, and on the basis of those assumptions, only the chi square test is carried out.
The first assumption in the chi square test is that the sampling of the data is collected by the process of random sampling from the population.
A sample size that is sufficiently large is assumed in the chi square test. The chi square test that is conducted on the sample of a smaller size results in the drawing of an inaccurate inference about the data. If the researcher conducts the chi square test on a small sample size, then it may happen that the researcher might end up committing a Type II error.
As in all other significant tests, it is assumed that in the chi square test, the observations are always independent of each other.
The last assumption that is made in the chi square test is that the observations in the sample must acquire the same fundamental distribution.
Statistics Solutions is the country's leader in chi square and dissertation statistics. Contact Statistics Solutions today for a free 30-minute consultation.
A cross tabulation is also a kind of chi square test that is used by the researcher in order to test the statistical significance of the correlation that is observed in the study. The chi square test is used by the researcher to determine the strength of the association in the objects under study.
The researcher should note that the greater the difference between the observed value of the cell frequency and the expected value of the cell frequency, the larger the value of the statistic of the chi square. This means that the difference of the observed value and the expected value in the chi square test is directly proportional to the value of the chi square statistic in the chi square test.
To determine the association or the correlation between the two variables that exist in the chi square test, the probability that is computed for obtaining the value of the chi square must be larger or greater, or must have a higher value than the one obtained, which is computed from the chi square test of cross tabulation.
Another popular chi square test is the goodness of fit test. This goodness of fit in the chi square test helps the researcher to understand whether or not the sample that is collected from some population belongs to some specific distribution. This chi square test is basically applicable in cases where the discrete type of probability distributions is involved, like Poisson distribution, binomial distribution, etc. This chi square test is an alternative to the non parametric type of test, called the Kolmogorov Smirnov goodness of fit test.
The null hypothesis that the researcher assumes in this chi square test is that the drawn data from the population follows the distribution. The definition of the statistic used in the chi square test is the same, which is the sum of the square of the deviation between the observed and the expected frequency that is divided by the expected frequency. An important point related to the validity of this type of chi square test is that the expected number of cell frequencies should be less than five.
Researchers generally assume certain assumptions in the chi square test, and on the basis of those assumptions, only the chi square test is carried out.
The first assumption in the chi square test is that the sampling of the data is collected by the process of random sampling from the population.
A sample size that is sufficiently large is assumed in the chi square test. The chi square test that is conducted on the sample of a smaller size results in the drawing of an inaccurate inference about the data. If the researcher conducts the chi square test on a small sample size, then it may happen that the researcher might end up committing a Type II error.
As in all other significant tests, it is assumed that in the chi square test, the observations are always independent of each other.
The last assumption that is made in the chi square test is that the observations in the sample must acquire the same fundamental distribution.
Tuesday, November 24, 2009
Descriptive measure
Descriptive measure is basically a type of measure that deals with quantitative data in a mass that shows certain kinds of general characteristics. Descriptive measure is generally of different types for the different types of characteristics of data. This document will detail the different types of descriptive measure.
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A tendency that depicts the absorption around specific values, especially around the center, is called the descriptive measure of central tendency. This descriptive measure depicts the central tendency in data that should satisfy several properties. These properties were discussed by the famous statistician, Professor Yule.
The descriptive measure that shows the central tendency must be strictly defined. The descriptive measure that shows this tendency is generally flexible and simple to calculate and understand. The descriptive measure that exhibits such kinds of tendencies must be based on all the observations. The descriptive measure that has this kind of tendency must be adaptable for any kind of mathematical treatment. The descriptive measure that has such tendencies must not get affected by the extreme values in the observations.
The arithmetic mean is the descriptive measure that depicts the centering of the observations. The descriptive measure is defined as the overall sum of the observations in the data that are divided by the number of the observations in the data. This descriptive measure follows the main conditions of the properties that are explained by Professor Yule. The major limitation of the descriptive measure that shows central tendency is that such a descriptive measure cannot be obtained by inspection. This descriptive measure that shows the central tendency cannot be located graphically. This type of descriptive measure that depicts the central tendency cannot be calculated by the researcher if any particular observation is missing from the data. This descriptive measure, which shows the central tendency, is not applicable for that kind of data that shows qualitative characteristics.
The descriptive measure that shows the central tendency also has a descriptive measure called the weighted mean. This descriptive measure also works in a similar manner to arithmetic mean, except for the fact that this descriptive measure attaches weights to the items under consideration according to their importance in the life of the user. For example, if one wants to obtain the cost of living of a certain group of people, then the arithmetic mean descriptive measure will give importance to all the commodities, while the weighted mean descriptive measure gives more weight to certain commodities.
Median is another type of descriptive measure that depicts the central tendency. This descriptive measure is the only measure that is applicable when the researcher is dealing with qualitative data. This descriptive measure is defined as the value that conducts the partition of the data into two equal parts. The limitation of this kind of descriptive measure is that this measure is not adaptable to the algebraic treatment. Also, this kind of descriptive measure is not at all based on all the observations. If the observations are of even numbers, then this descriptive measure cannot be determined appropriately. This descriptive measure is used by the researcher to address the various issues, like the problem concerning wages, the distribution of wealth, etc.
Statistics Solutions is the country's leader in descriptive measure and dissertation statistics. Contact Statistics Solutions today for a free 30-minute consultation.
A tendency that depicts the absorption around specific values, especially around the center, is called the descriptive measure of central tendency. This descriptive measure depicts the central tendency in data that should satisfy several properties. These properties were discussed by the famous statistician, Professor Yule.
The descriptive measure that shows the central tendency must be strictly defined. The descriptive measure that shows this tendency is generally flexible and simple to calculate and understand. The descriptive measure that exhibits such kinds of tendencies must be based on all the observations. The descriptive measure that has this kind of tendency must be adaptable for any kind of mathematical treatment. The descriptive measure that has such tendencies must not get affected by the extreme values in the observations.
The arithmetic mean is the descriptive measure that depicts the centering of the observations. The descriptive measure is defined as the overall sum of the observations in the data that are divided by the number of the observations in the data. This descriptive measure follows the main conditions of the properties that are explained by Professor Yule. The major limitation of the descriptive measure that shows central tendency is that such a descriptive measure cannot be obtained by inspection. This descriptive measure that shows the central tendency cannot be located graphically. This type of descriptive measure that depicts the central tendency cannot be calculated by the researcher if any particular observation is missing from the data. This descriptive measure, which shows the central tendency, is not applicable for that kind of data that shows qualitative characteristics.
The descriptive measure that shows the central tendency also has a descriptive measure called the weighted mean. This descriptive measure also works in a similar manner to arithmetic mean, except for the fact that this descriptive measure attaches weights to the items under consideration according to their importance in the life of the user. For example, if one wants to obtain the cost of living of a certain group of people, then the arithmetic mean descriptive measure will give importance to all the commodities, while the weighted mean descriptive measure gives more weight to certain commodities.
Median is another type of descriptive measure that depicts the central tendency. This descriptive measure is the only measure that is applicable when the researcher is dealing with qualitative data. This descriptive measure is defined as the value that conducts the partition of the data into two equal parts. The limitation of this kind of descriptive measure is that this measure is not adaptable to the algebraic treatment. Also, this kind of descriptive measure is not at all based on all the observations. If the observations are of even numbers, then this descriptive measure cannot be determined appropriately. This descriptive measure is used by the researcher to address the various issues, like the problem concerning wages, the distribution of wealth, etc.
Thursday, November 12, 2009
Dissertation Statistics Services
Though every student dreams of finishing his or her dissertation on-time and successfully, unfortunately, that is not usually the case. This is because many students struggle greatly when it comes to writing their dissertation. Oftentimes real life gets in the way, and deadlines get pushed aside for other tests, papers and life circumstances. And though the dissertation is the most important aspect of a student’s career, it oftentimes goes on the back burner as students are overwhelmed with the entire process of writing the dissertation.
There is help available, however, and this help comes in the form of dissertation statistics services. Dissertation statistics services are provided by dissertation consultants and dissertation consulting firms. These dissertation consultants offering dissertation statistics services are well versed in every single aspect of the dissertation. Dissertation statistics services, then, can provide relief to the struggling student as dissertation statistics services can step in and help the student finish the dissertation.
Statistics Solutions is the country's leader in dissertation statistics services. Contact Statistics Solutions today for a free 30-minute consultation.
One of the most difficult aspects of writing a dissertation is the statistics portion of the dissertation. Dissertation statistics services can help the student with their statistics needs as dissertation statistics services can offer one-on-one statistics help. The statistics in the dissertation need to be absolutely precise, and for this reason, dissertation statistics services can prove to be invaluable. In other words, dissertation statistics services can provide help on the most challenging aspect of the dissertation.
Dissertation statistics services can provide help every single step of the way as dissertation statistics services are offered by experts who are trained in statistics. Dissertation statistics services can therefore be helpful in the very beginning of a project as dissertation statistics services can offer valuable feedback as to whether or not the topic can actually be studied, and whether or not proper statistics can be obtained on the topic of study. Dissertation statistics services will ensure that the student chooses a suitable topic and this can save the student an incredible amount of time as some students get started on their topic only to realize that it cannot or should not be studied.
Dissertation statistics services also provide help, assistance and guidance on the statistics portion of the dissertation. Dissertation statistics services will guide the student every step of the way as they try to gather data, interpret that data and use that data to write a thesis and a dissertation. Many students are not well prepared for the statistics portion of the dissertation and this is not the students’ fault. In fact, most students spend their time studying their field of expertise, not studying statistics. For this reason, dissertation statistics services can prove to be invaluable as dissertation statistics services can step in and explain everything that needs to be explained about statistics. Dissertation statistics services provided by statistical consultants are trained to offer expert advice in statistics as most people offering this advice are statisticians. Additionally, most dissertation consulting firms are staffed with people who themselves have received their PhD and who therefore have written a dissertation. As such, the people who offer dissertation statics services know just how difficult it can be to write a dissertation. The people who offer dissertation statistics services know, for example, that a timeline is necessary if a dissertation is to be completed on time. Dissertation statistics services offer guidance and support to the student to make that timeline and what’s more, dissertation statistics services makes sure that that timeline is followed precisely.
Acquiring dissertation statistics services can be the best decision a student can make. And while all students dream of finishing their dissertation easily, on-time, and successfully, oftentimes this is not possible without the help of dissertation statistics services.
There is help available, however, and this help comes in the form of dissertation statistics services. Dissertation statistics services are provided by dissertation consultants and dissertation consulting firms. These dissertation consultants offering dissertation statistics services are well versed in every single aspect of the dissertation. Dissertation statistics services, then, can provide relief to the struggling student as dissertation statistics services can step in and help the student finish the dissertation.
Statistics Solutions is the country's leader in dissertation statistics services. Contact Statistics Solutions today for a free 30-minute consultation.
One of the most difficult aspects of writing a dissertation is the statistics portion of the dissertation. Dissertation statistics services can help the student with their statistics needs as dissertation statistics services can offer one-on-one statistics help. The statistics in the dissertation need to be absolutely precise, and for this reason, dissertation statistics services can prove to be invaluable. In other words, dissertation statistics services can provide help on the most challenging aspect of the dissertation.
Dissertation statistics services can provide help every single step of the way as dissertation statistics services are offered by experts who are trained in statistics. Dissertation statistics services can therefore be helpful in the very beginning of a project as dissertation statistics services can offer valuable feedback as to whether or not the topic can actually be studied, and whether or not proper statistics can be obtained on the topic of study. Dissertation statistics services will ensure that the student chooses a suitable topic and this can save the student an incredible amount of time as some students get started on their topic only to realize that it cannot or should not be studied.
Dissertation statistics services also provide help, assistance and guidance on the statistics portion of the dissertation. Dissertation statistics services will guide the student every step of the way as they try to gather data, interpret that data and use that data to write a thesis and a dissertation. Many students are not well prepared for the statistics portion of the dissertation and this is not the students’ fault. In fact, most students spend their time studying their field of expertise, not studying statistics. For this reason, dissertation statistics services can prove to be invaluable as dissertation statistics services can step in and explain everything that needs to be explained about statistics. Dissertation statistics services provided by statistical consultants are trained to offer expert advice in statistics as most people offering this advice are statisticians. Additionally, most dissertation consulting firms are staffed with people who themselves have received their PhD and who therefore have written a dissertation. As such, the people who offer dissertation statics services know just how difficult it can be to write a dissertation. The people who offer dissertation statistics services know, for example, that a timeline is necessary if a dissertation is to be completed on time. Dissertation statistics services offer guidance and support to the student to make that timeline and what’s more, dissertation statistics services makes sure that that timeline is followed precisely.
Acquiring dissertation statistics services can be the best decision a student can make. And while all students dream of finishing their dissertation easily, on-time, and successfully, oftentimes this is not possible without the help of dissertation statistics services.
Monday, November 9, 2009
Sample Size
Sample size calculation is one of the crucial steps in statistical analyses. The extraction of the sample size is generally a tedious process in the preparation of a particular statistical study.
Statistics Solutions is the country's leader in sample size calculation and dissertation statistics consulting. Contact Statistics Solutions today for a free 30-minute consultation.
The statistical studies that consist of various kinds of surveys, experiments, observational studies, etc. always give valid conclusions only if they are appropriately and significantly planned by keeping certain things in mind. These things include the reliability of the instruments to be used for measuring, the appropriate understanding of the problem, and the determination of an adequate sample size.
Because type II errors are generally committed by the researcher due to inadequate sample size, some clinical trial sample size calculation programs have been developed. This sample size calculation program has been specifically designed in order to avoid Type II errors which are a serious kind of error, especially in the field of medicine.
The sample size program can be downloaded from some clinical related websites. This sample size calculation program also has certain programs which can be used for computing the group sequential boundaries. The sample size calculation program is generally located in the bottom half of the window that is downloaded from the clinical website.
The sample size program is generally written in the form of java programming language. This means that the sample size determination program can run on any kind of computer provided if it has the java runtime environment (JRE). Generally, MS Windows has the java runtime environment (JRE) enabled in them and the sample size.jar file can be directly executed from window explorer.
JRE can be downloaded with the help of some java related websites. After that is complete, one can run sample size calculation programs on the computer. The sample size calculation program can also be run in a non MS windows using the command prompt “java-jar sample size.jar.”
The sample size calculation program consists of a file menu which has three tabs, namely dichotomous, continuous and survival.
The sample size calculation program for the dichotomous type of response has variables like ‘yes or no,’ ‘heads and tails,’ ‘presence or absence,’ etc. In the sample size calculation program, it is assumed that the user who will be working on the sample size calculation should be well versed with the different parameters.
There is also a calculate button in the screen of the sample size calculation program. This button can help the user to perform different sorts of sample size calculations, like calculate power, etc. In the case where the sample size calculation is not possible, then it warns the user with a popup message, and thus no calculation will be performed.
For the sample size calculation program for the continuous response variables, the screen is divided into two halves.
In the one half there is sample size calculation, and in the other half there is the saved results. The user using the sample size calculation program can provide the values in any open cells in the calculation section. Similar to the dichotomous case, if the sample size calculation is not possible, then the warning message of “no calculation” appears on the screen as a popup message.
In the case of survival, the sample size calculation program is done on those kinds of variables where the primary variable is the occurrence of some event.
Statistics Solutions is the country's leader in sample size calculation and dissertation statistics consulting. Contact Statistics Solutions today for a free 30-minute consultation.
The statistical studies that consist of various kinds of surveys, experiments, observational studies, etc. always give valid conclusions only if they are appropriately and significantly planned by keeping certain things in mind. These things include the reliability of the instruments to be used for measuring, the appropriate understanding of the problem, and the determination of an adequate sample size.
Because type II errors are generally committed by the researcher due to inadequate sample size, some clinical trial sample size calculation programs have been developed. This sample size calculation program has been specifically designed in order to avoid Type II errors which are a serious kind of error, especially in the field of medicine.
The sample size program can be downloaded from some clinical related websites. This sample size calculation program also has certain programs which can be used for computing the group sequential boundaries. The sample size calculation program is generally located in the bottom half of the window that is downloaded from the clinical website.
The sample size program is generally written in the form of java programming language. This means that the sample size determination program can run on any kind of computer provided if it has the java runtime environment (JRE). Generally, MS Windows has the java runtime environment (JRE) enabled in them and the sample size.jar file can be directly executed from window explorer.
JRE can be downloaded with the help of some java related websites. After that is complete, one can run sample size calculation programs on the computer. The sample size calculation program can also be run in a non MS windows using the command prompt “java-jar sample size.jar.”
The sample size calculation program consists of a file menu which has three tabs, namely dichotomous, continuous and survival.
The sample size calculation program for the dichotomous type of response has variables like ‘yes or no,’ ‘heads and tails,’ ‘presence or absence,’ etc. In the sample size calculation program, it is assumed that the user who will be working on the sample size calculation should be well versed with the different parameters.
There is also a calculate button in the screen of the sample size calculation program. This button can help the user to perform different sorts of sample size calculations, like calculate power, etc. In the case where the sample size calculation is not possible, then it warns the user with a popup message, and thus no calculation will be performed.
For the sample size calculation program for the continuous response variables, the screen is divided into two halves.
In the one half there is sample size calculation, and in the other half there is the saved results. The user using the sample size calculation program can provide the values in any open cells in the calculation section. Similar to the dichotomous case, if the sample size calculation is not possible, then the warning message of “no calculation” appears on the screen as a popup message.
In the case of survival, the sample size calculation program is done on those kinds of variables where the primary variable is the occurrence of some event.
Wednesday, October 28, 2009
Descriptive measure
Descriptive measure can be defined as the kind of measure dealing with the quantitative data in a mass that exhibits certain general characteristics. The descriptive measure has different types, all depending on the different characteristics of the data. Because there are different measures for the different types of data, this document will discuss these different descriptive measures.
Statistics Solutions is the country's leader in descriptive measure and dissertation statistics. Contact Statistics Solutions today for a free 30-minute consultation.
First, the descriptive measure of deviation or dispersion is a descriptive measure that measures the extent to which an individual item can vary. Professor Yule has laid out certain properties that the descriptive measure of deviation of the data should satisfy.
For one, the descriptive measure of deviation needs to be rigidly defined. Additionally, the descriptive measure should be easy to understand and it should also be flexible in calculation. This descriptive measure should also be based on every observation. Further, the descriptive measure should be open to any further mathematical treatment. And finally, the descriptive measure should not be affected by fluctuations in the sampling.
Whenever a researcher wants to make a comparison in the variability of the two series which differs widely in their averages, then the researcher calculates the coefficient of dispersion based on different types of descriptive measures of deviation or dispersion. There are four coefficients of dispersion based on different descriptive measures of dispersion or deviation: range, quartile deviation, mean deviation and standard deviation.
The coefficient of variation is a hundred times the coefficient of dispersion that is based on the descriptive measure of dispersion which is standard deviation.
The data in a frequency distribution may fall into symmetrical or asymmetrical patterns and this measure of the direction and degree of asymmetry is called the descriptive measure of skewness. The descriptive measure of skewness refers to lack of symmetry. The researcher studies the descriptive measure of skewness in order to have knowledge about the shape and size of the curve through which the researcher can draw an inference about the given distribution.
A distribution is said to follow the descriptive measure of skewness if mean, mode and median fall at different points. This type of descriptive measure will also follow in the case when quartiles are not equidistant from the median and also in the case when the curve drawn from the given data is not symmetrical.
There are three descriptive measure of skewness.
The first type of descriptive measure of skewness is M- Md, where Md is the median of the distribution.
The second type of descriptive measure of skewness is M-M0, where M0 is the mode of the distribution.
The third type of descriptive measure of skewness is (Q3- Md)-( Md – Q1).
These are also types of absolute descriptive measures of skewness.
The researcher calculates the relative measure for the descriptive measure called the coefficients of skewness which are the pure numbers of independent units of the measurements.
Karl Pearson’s coefficient of skewness for the descriptive measure of skewness is the first type of coefficient of skewness that is based on mean, median and mode. This coefficient for the descriptive measure of skewness is positive if the value of the mean is more than the value of mode. Or, the median and the coefficient for the descriptive measure of skewness is negative if the value of mode or median is more than the mean.
Bowley’s coefficient of skewness for the descriptive measure of skewness is the second type of coefficient of skewness that is based on the quartiles. This type of coefficient of skewness for the descriptive measure of skewness is used in those cases where the mode is ill defined and the extreme values are present in the observation. It is also used in cases where the distribution has open end classes or unequal intervals.
Statistics Solutions is the country's leader in descriptive measure and dissertation statistics. Contact Statistics Solutions today for a free 30-minute consultation.
First, the descriptive measure of deviation or dispersion is a descriptive measure that measures the extent to which an individual item can vary. Professor Yule has laid out certain properties that the descriptive measure of deviation of the data should satisfy.
For one, the descriptive measure of deviation needs to be rigidly defined. Additionally, the descriptive measure should be easy to understand and it should also be flexible in calculation. This descriptive measure should also be based on every observation. Further, the descriptive measure should be open to any further mathematical treatment. And finally, the descriptive measure should not be affected by fluctuations in the sampling.
Whenever a researcher wants to make a comparison in the variability of the two series which differs widely in their averages, then the researcher calculates the coefficient of dispersion based on different types of descriptive measures of deviation or dispersion. There are four coefficients of dispersion based on different descriptive measures of dispersion or deviation: range, quartile deviation, mean deviation and standard deviation.
The coefficient of variation is a hundred times the coefficient of dispersion that is based on the descriptive measure of dispersion which is standard deviation.
The data in a frequency distribution may fall into symmetrical or asymmetrical patterns and this measure of the direction and degree of asymmetry is called the descriptive measure of skewness. The descriptive measure of skewness refers to lack of symmetry. The researcher studies the descriptive measure of skewness in order to have knowledge about the shape and size of the curve through which the researcher can draw an inference about the given distribution.
A distribution is said to follow the descriptive measure of skewness if mean, mode and median fall at different points. This type of descriptive measure will also follow in the case when quartiles are not equidistant from the median and also in the case when the curve drawn from the given data is not symmetrical.
There are three descriptive measure of skewness.
The first type of descriptive measure of skewness is M- Md, where Md is the median of the distribution.
The second type of descriptive measure of skewness is M-M0, where M0 is the mode of the distribution.
The third type of descriptive measure of skewness is (Q3- Md)-( Md – Q1).
These are also types of absolute descriptive measures of skewness.
The researcher calculates the relative measure for the descriptive measure called the coefficients of skewness which are the pure numbers of independent units of the measurements.
Karl Pearson’s coefficient of skewness for the descriptive measure of skewness is the first type of coefficient of skewness that is based on mean, median and mode. This coefficient for the descriptive measure of skewness is positive if the value of the mean is more than the value of mode. Or, the median and the coefficient for the descriptive measure of skewness is negative if the value of mode or median is more than the mean.
Bowley’s coefficient of skewness for the descriptive measure of skewness is the second type of coefficient of skewness that is based on the quartiles. This type of coefficient of skewness for the descriptive measure of skewness is used in those cases where the mode is ill defined and the extreme values are present in the observation. It is also used in cases where the distribution has open end classes or unequal intervals.
Wednesday, October 14, 2009
Dissertation Statistics
Dissertation statistics are the statistics that are necessary to prove your thesis, and dissertation statistics are the most crucial part of your dissertation. And though dissertation statistics are the most critical part of any dissertation, many doctoral students neither have the training nor the experience with statistics to perform the dissertation statistics correctly.
Statistics Solutions is the country's leader in dissertation statistics consulting. Contact Statistics Solutions today for a free 30-minute consultation.
Dissertation statistics are difficult and challenging for doctoral students because for many doctoral students, dissertation statistics are the first time that the student encounters so much data and so much information that needs to be processed, analyzed and collated. And because many doctoral students do not have the experience necessary to perform the dissertation statistics, oftentimes doctoral students make mistakes and these mistakes on the dissertation statistics cause the doctoral student to delay the completion of the doctoral dissertation.
The best way to ensure that the dissertation statistics are done correctly and the best way to ensure that the doctoral student finishes the dissertation on-time and with success is to get help on the dissertation statistics. Help on the dissertation statistics usually comes in the form of a dissertation consultant and a dissertation consultant can be the difference between a student finishing in a timely manner and with success, and a student struggling indefinitely through every single aspect of the dissertation and through every single aspect of the dissertation statistics.
A dissertation consultant will guide a student through every part of the dissertation writing process, including offering invaluable help to every doctoral student through the statistical processes that are necessary for all dissertations. With the help of a dissertation consultant, the student will be able to perform the complicated statistical procedures and dissertation statistics that accompany all dissertations. This individual help includes help on the choosing of the topic, on the research that is necessary before any student begins the dissertation, on the putting together of the proposal for the dissertation, on the dissertation methodology section, on the sample size justification, on the gathering of the data, on the analyzing of that data, on the application of the data to the dissertation, and on the proofreading of the entire doctoral dissertation.
Clearly, then, a dissertation consultant can take a doctoral degree seeking student through every single step of the dissertation and a dissertation consultant can ensure and guarantee that a doctoral degree seeking student finishes the dissertation with success.
Because it is so easy to get help on the dissertation statistics, there is no reason not to seek help from a dissertation consultant. Not only will a dissertation consultant help a student through the lengthy and difficult dissertation statistics, however, a dissertation consultant will also instruct the student as he or she is working on the dissertation statistics. Because a student must be prepared to orally defend his or her dissertation and his or her dissertation statistics, this instruction on the dissertation statistics is often the most important aspect of getting a dissertation consultant to help you with your dissertation. All students must pass the oral defense of the dissertation and all students must be prepared to explain every single statistical procedure that occurs in the dissertation. The dissertation consultant will make sure that each and every student who seeks their help will be prepared for this oral defense of the dissertation.
Statistics Solutions is the country's leader in dissertation statistics consulting. Contact Statistics Solutions today for a free 30-minute consultation.
Dissertation statistics are difficult and challenging for doctoral students because for many doctoral students, dissertation statistics are the first time that the student encounters so much data and so much information that needs to be processed, analyzed and collated. And because many doctoral students do not have the experience necessary to perform the dissertation statistics, oftentimes doctoral students make mistakes and these mistakes on the dissertation statistics cause the doctoral student to delay the completion of the doctoral dissertation.
The best way to ensure that the dissertation statistics are done correctly and the best way to ensure that the doctoral student finishes the dissertation on-time and with success is to get help on the dissertation statistics. Help on the dissertation statistics usually comes in the form of a dissertation consultant and a dissertation consultant can be the difference between a student finishing in a timely manner and with success, and a student struggling indefinitely through every single aspect of the dissertation and through every single aspect of the dissertation statistics.
A dissertation consultant will guide a student through every part of the dissertation writing process, including offering invaluable help to every doctoral student through the statistical processes that are necessary for all dissertations. With the help of a dissertation consultant, the student will be able to perform the complicated statistical procedures and dissertation statistics that accompany all dissertations. This individual help includes help on the choosing of the topic, on the research that is necessary before any student begins the dissertation, on the putting together of the proposal for the dissertation, on the dissertation methodology section, on the sample size justification, on the gathering of the data, on the analyzing of that data, on the application of the data to the dissertation, and on the proofreading of the entire doctoral dissertation.
Clearly, then, a dissertation consultant can take a doctoral degree seeking student through every single step of the dissertation and a dissertation consultant can ensure and guarantee that a doctoral degree seeking student finishes the dissertation with success.
Because it is so easy to get help on the dissertation statistics, there is no reason not to seek help from a dissertation consultant. Not only will a dissertation consultant help a student through the lengthy and difficult dissertation statistics, however, a dissertation consultant will also instruct the student as he or she is working on the dissertation statistics. Because a student must be prepared to orally defend his or her dissertation and his or her dissertation statistics, this instruction on the dissertation statistics is often the most important aspect of getting a dissertation consultant to help you with your dissertation. All students must pass the oral defense of the dissertation and all students must be prepared to explain every single statistical procedure that occurs in the dissertation. The dissertation consultant will make sure that each and every student who seeks their help will be prepared for this oral defense of the dissertation.
Monday, October 12, 2009
Do I need statistical help?
Do I need statistical help?
If you are a doctoral degree seeking student and you are struggling with your dissertation, then statistical help can be the answer to your troubles. Statistical help can offer help to any dissertation writing student and statistical help can provide you with the assistance, guidance and mentorship you need as you tackle the difficult and lengthy statistical aspects of your dissertation.
Statistics Solutions is the country's leader in statistical help, especially dissertation statistics. Contact Statistics Solutions today for a free 30-minute consultation.
What is statistical help?
Statistical help is help when it comes to the statistical portions of your dissertations. All dissertations require statistics to prove the doctoral student’s thesis and therefore all dissertations depend upon and rely on statistics. Statistical help, then, is help provided to the dissertation writing student and statistical help can help any student who is working on his or her dissertation.
How do I get statistical help?
It is extremely easy to get statistical help as there are many dissertation consulting firms that offer statistical help. The best way to find a reputable and dependable dissertation consulting firm that can offer statistical help is to first go online and do research about the different dissertation consulting firms. Once you have chosen a dissertation consulting firm, you should contact that dissertation consulting firm and inquire about the statistical help that they can provide you.
Is it expensive to get statistical help?
Most doctoral degree students are happily surprised by the price of getting statistical help. The statistical procedures and processes of the statistical portions of the dissertation are extremely complicated and complex—but they do not have to be! And statistical help can assist any student as he or she works through those dissertation statistics. This will save students much time in the long run—and what’s more, it is all done at a very minimal cost. So, when considering what, exactly statistical help can provide, the cost of getting statistical help is minimal. Statistical help is the best way to get help on the dissertation as statistical help is not expensive compared to the abundance of help that the dissertation writing student will no doubt receive from the statistical help.
Am I allowed to get statistical help?
If you are a doctoral student and you are wondering if you are allowed to get statistical help, or if it is ethical to get statistical help, then the best thing for you to do is to ask your advisor if you are allowed to get statistical help. When asking your advisor, you need to make it clear that statistical help will not perform that statistical procedures for you—rather statistical help will assist you as you perform the statistical help. Statistical help will give you the tools to master the statistical processes of the dissertation and statistical help will actually tutor you when it comes to the statistics of your dissertation. And this instruction is quite possibly the most important aspect of statistical help. When you get statistical help, you will be well on your way to understanding statistics—and there is nothing more important than that. Explain this to your advisor, and then get the statistical help that you need to finish your dissertation successfully, on time and with much success.
If you are a doctoral degree seeking student and you are struggling with your dissertation, then statistical help can be the answer to your troubles. Statistical help can offer help to any dissertation writing student and statistical help can provide you with the assistance, guidance and mentorship you need as you tackle the difficult and lengthy statistical aspects of your dissertation.
Statistics Solutions is the country's leader in statistical help, especially dissertation statistics. Contact Statistics Solutions today for a free 30-minute consultation.
What is statistical help?
Statistical help is help when it comes to the statistical portions of your dissertations. All dissertations require statistics to prove the doctoral student’s thesis and therefore all dissertations depend upon and rely on statistics. Statistical help, then, is help provided to the dissertation writing student and statistical help can help any student who is working on his or her dissertation.
How do I get statistical help?
It is extremely easy to get statistical help as there are many dissertation consulting firms that offer statistical help. The best way to find a reputable and dependable dissertation consulting firm that can offer statistical help is to first go online and do research about the different dissertation consulting firms. Once you have chosen a dissertation consulting firm, you should contact that dissertation consulting firm and inquire about the statistical help that they can provide you.
Is it expensive to get statistical help?
Most doctoral degree students are happily surprised by the price of getting statistical help. The statistical procedures and processes of the statistical portions of the dissertation are extremely complicated and complex—but they do not have to be! And statistical help can assist any student as he or she works through those dissertation statistics. This will save students much time in the long run—and what’s more, it is all done at a very minimal cost. So, when considering what, exactly statistical help can provide, the cost of getting statistical help is minimal. Statistical help is the best way to get help on the dissertation as statistical help is not expensive compared to the abundance of help that the dissertation writing student will no doubt receive from the statistical help.
Am I allowed to get statistical help?
If you are a doctoral student and you are wondering if you are allowed to get statistical help, or if it is ethical to get statistical help, then the best thing for you to do is to ask your advisor if you are allowed to get statistical help. When asking your advisor, you need to make it clear that statistical help will not perform that statistical procedures for you—rather statistical help will assist you as you perform the statistical help. Statistical help will give you the tools to master the statistical processes of the dissertation and statistical help will actually tutor you when it comes to the statistics of your dissertation. And this instruction is quite possibly the most important aspect of statistical help. When you get statistical help, you will be well on your way to understanding statistics—and there is nothing more important than that. Explain this to your advisor, and then get the statistical help that you need to finish your dissertation successfully, on time and with much success.
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